.303 British, or 7.7×56mmR, is a .303-inch (7.7 mm) calibre (with the bore diameter measured between the lands as is common practice in Europe) rifle and machine gun cartridge first developed in Britain as a blackpowder round put into service in December 1888 for the Lee-Metford rifle, later adapted to use smokeless powders. It was the standard British and Commonwealth military cartridge from 1889 until the 1950s when it was replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO.
Read more about .303 British: History and Development, Japanese 7.7 Mm Ammunition, Military Surplus Ammunition, Headstamps and Colour Coding, Commercial Ammunition and Reloading, Weapons Chambered For .303 British
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—David Mercer, British screenwriter, and Karel Reisz. Morgan (David Warner)