The 1821 Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane was one of five known tropical cyclones that have made landfall in New York City. Another, even more intense hurricane struck the region in pre-Columbian times (sometime between 1278 and 1438) and was detected by paleotempestological research. The third was the 1893 New York hurricane, the fourth was Hurricane Irene in 2011, and the fifth was only one year later with Hurricane Sandy in 2012.
The first of three recorded tropical cyclones recorded in the 1821 Atlantic hurricane season, it was first observed off the southeast United States coast on September 1, with winds estimated in excess of 135 mph (215 km/h). It moved ashore near Wilmington, North Carolina, and passed near Norfolk, Virginia before moving through the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey just inland. On September 3, The hurricane struck approximately near Jamaica Bay, which later became part of New York City, and on September 4 it was observed over New England. The hurricane occurred just 6 years after the destructive Great September Gale of 1815.
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