X86 Assembly Language - Instruction Types

Instruction Types

In general, the features of the modern x86 instruction set are:

• A compact encoding
  • Variable length and alignment independent (encoded as little endian, as is all data in the x86 architecture)
  • Mainly one-address and two-address instructions, that is to say, the first operand is also the destination.
  • Memory operands as both source and destination are supported (frequently used to read/write stack elements addressed using small immediate offsets).
  • Both general and implicit register usage; although all seven (counting ebp) general registers in 32-bit mode, and all fifteen (counting rbp) general registers in 64-bit mode, can be freely used as accumulators or for addressing, most of them are also implicitly used by certain (more or less) special instructions; affected registers must therefore be temporarily preserved (normally stacked), if active during such instruction sequences.
• Produces conditional flags implicitly through most integer ALU instructions.
• Supports various addressing modes including immediate, offset, and scaled index but not PC-relative, except jumps (introduced as an improvement in the x86-64 architecture).
• Includes floating point to a stack of registers.
• Contains special support for atomic read-modify-write instructions (xchg, cmpxchg/cmpxchg8b, xadd, and integer instructions which combine with the lock prefix)
• SIMD instructions (instructions which perform parallel simultaneous single instructions on many operands encoded in adjacent cells of wider registers).