Sobolev (masculine) and Soboleva (feminine) is a popular Russian surname and may refer to the following people:
- Leonid Sobolev (1844–1913), Russian general
- Sergei Lvovich Sobolev (1908–1989), Russian mathematician
- Viktor Viktorovich Sobolev, Russian astrophysicist
- Vladimir Sobolev (disambiguation), several people
- Yelena Soboleva (birn 1982), Russian runner
- Arkady Alexandrovich Sobolev, Russian diplomat
- Blessed Archbishop Seraphim (Sobolev) of Bogucharsk, the spiritual Father of the Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Bulgaria
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