NPV can refer to:
- Net present value, an economic standard method for evaluating competing long-term projects in capital budgeting
- Negative predictive value, in biostatistics, the proportion of patients with negative test results who are correctly diagnosed
- Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus, a virus that infects butterflies and moths
- Negative Phase Velocity, an electromagnetic property induced by some exotic optical materials
- National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, an initiative to circumvent the current U.S. Electoral College system and elect the candidate with the most votes nationwide
- De Nederlandse Padvinders (Netherlands Pathfinders), a precursor to Scouting Nederland, the national scouting organisation of the Netherlands