List of State Leaders in 1651 - Europe

Europe

  • England - Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
  • France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
    • Bavaria -
      1. Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (1597–1651)
      2. Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria (1651–1679)
    • Brandenburg - Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (1640–1688)
    • Brunswick-Celle - Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Celle (1648–1665)
    • Brunswick-Kalenberg - George William, Duke of Brunswick-Kalenberg (1648–1665)
    • Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel - Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1635–1666)
    • Cologne - Maximilian Henry, Elector of Cologne (1650–1688)
    • Mainz - Johann Philipp, Elector of Mainz (1647–1673)
    • Trier - Philipp Christoph, Elector of Trier (1623–1652)
    • Electorate of the Palatinate - Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine (1648–1680)
    • Saxony - John George I, Elector of Saxony (1611–1656)
  • Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Russia - Alexis I, Tsar of Russia (1643–1676)
  • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
  • Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–1665)
  • Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
  • Principality of Transylvania - George II Rákóczi, Prince of Transylvania (1648–1657)
  • Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
  • United Provinces
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Grand Pensionary of Holland -
      1. Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)
      2. Adriaan Pauw (1631–1636, 1651–1653)

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Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “What helps it now, that Byron bore,
    With haughty scorn which mock’d the smart,
    Through Europe to the Aetolian shore
    The pageant of his bleeding heart?
    That thousands counted every groan,
    And Europe made his woe her own?”
    —Matthew Arnold (1822–1888)

    “We are participants, whether we would or not, in the life of the world.... We are partners with the rest. What affects mankind is inevitably our affair as well as the nations of Europe and Asia.”
    —Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924)

    “That land is like an Eagle, whose young gaze
    Feeds on the noontide beam, whose golden plume
    Floats moveless on the storm, and in the blaze
    Of sunrise gleams when Earth is wrapped in gloom;
    An epitaph of glory for the tomb
    Of murdered Europe may thy fame be made,
    Great People! as the sands shalt thou become;
    Thy growth is swift as morn, when night must fade;
    The multitudinous Earth shall sleep beneath thy shade.”
    —Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822)