Creation
The ICC was established by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 (Pub.L. 49-104, 24 Stat. 379, enacted February 4, 1887), which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland. The creation of the commission was the result of widespread and longstanding anti-railroad agitation. Western farmers, specifically those of the Grange Movement, were the dominant force behind the unrest, but Westerners generally — especially those in rural areas — believed that the railroads possessed economic power that they systematically abused. A central issue was rate discrimination between similarly situated customers and communities.
The Act applied to all railroads engaged in interstate commerce, even if they were located entirely within a single state, and it also applied to water carriers — riverboats, barges, ferries — owned or controlled by railroads. The Act states that rates charged by the railroads had to be "just and reasonable," but it did not set standards for reasonableness. Railroads were forbidden to give preference, advantage, special rates, or rebates to any person, company, location, city or type of traffic; there had been alleged attempts by railroads to obtain influence over city and state governments and a widespread practice of granting free transportation in the form of yearly passes to opinion leaders (elected officials, newspaper editors, ministers, et al. Railroads were not allowed to charge more for a short haul than a long haul under the same circumstances when the short haul was a segment of a longer haul (e.g., a New York-Baltimore trip should not cost more than a New York-Washington, D.C. trip). The act prohibited pooling, which, in a railroads case, was the sharing of revenue or freight. Railroads were required to publish rates and give advance notice of change.
Read more about this topic: Interstate Commerce Commission
Famous quotes containing the word creation:
“For me, the principal fact of life is the free mind. For good and evil, man is a free creative spirit. This produces the very queer world we live in, a world in continuous creation and therefore continuous change and insecurity. A perpetually new and lively world, but a dangerous one, full of tragedy and injustice. A world in everlasting conflict between the new idea and the old allegiances, new arts and new inventions against the old establishment.”
—Joyce Cary (1888–1957)
“The practice of S/M is the creation of pleasure.... And that’s why S/M is really a subculture. It’s a process of invention. S/M is the use of a strategic relationship as a source of pleasure.”
—Michel Foucault (1926–1984)
“As the truest society approaches always nearer to solitude, so the most excellent speech finally falls into Silence. Silence is audible to all men, at all times, and in all places. She is when we hear inwardly, sound when we hear outwardly. Creation has not displaced her, but is her visible framework and foil. All sounds are her servants, and purveyors, proclaiming not only that their mistress is, but is a rare mistress, and earnestly to be sought after.”
—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)