Chaney is an American surname of French origin, and may refer to:
- Charles "Bubba" Chaney (born 1946), Louisiana politician
- Chris Chaney, US musician
- Darrel Chaney, US baseball player
- Don Chaney, US basketballer
- Esty Chaney (1891–1952), US baseballer
- Fred Chaney, Australian Liberal Party politician and minister in the Fraser government (son of Fred snr)
- Fred Chaney (senior), Australian Liberal Party politician and minister in the Menzies government
- George Chaney (1893–1958), US boxer
- Jack London, born John Griffith Chaney
- James Chaney (1943–1964), US civil rights activist
- James M. Chaney (1921–1976), US police officer and witness to President Kennedy's assassination
- James McDonald Chaney, US Presbyterian minister
- John Chaney (disambiguation) (several entries)
- Lindsay Chaney, US news editor
- Lon Chaney, Jr. (1906–1973), US actor
- Lon Chaney, Sr. (1883–1930), US actor
- Michael Chaney, businessman
- Mike Chaney, Mississippi Commissioner of Insurance, State Fire Marshal, and businessman
- Norman "Chubby" Chaney (1918–1936), US child actor
- Tray Chaney, US actor
- Markoff Chaney, character from The Illuminatus! Trilogy