Abramson is a variation of the patronymic surnames, meaning "son of Abram (or Abraham)", the Biblical figure. It is most prevalent among American Jews. People with it include:
- Abraham Abramson (1752 or 1754 – 1811), Prussian coiner
- Arthur S. Abramson, American linguist and speech scientist
- Charles E. Abramson (born 1943), Montana real estate broker and library advocate
- Frederick B. Abramson (1935–1991), African-American lawyer
- George Abramson (1903–1985), American football player
- Harold Alexander Abramson (1899–1980), American psychiatrist
- Herb Abramson (1916–1999), American record company executive and producer
- Ivan Abramson (1869-1934), a director of American silent film s active in the 1910s and 1920s
- Jerry Abramson (born 1946), American politician and mayor of Louisville, Kentucky, United States
- Jill Abramson (born 1954), American journalist and managing editor of The New York Times
- Lee Abramson (born 1970), American musician and Presidential candidate
- Leslie Abramson (born c. 1944), American criminal defense attorney
- Leonard Abramson (born 1932), American businessman and founder of U.S. Healthcare
- Lyn Yvonne Abramson (born 1950), American psychology professor
- Mark Abramson, American record producer
- Matanya Abramson (1920–2004), Israeli sculptor
- Norman Abramson, American engineer
- Ronney Abramson, Canadian singer-songwriter