A weighted context-free grammar (WCFG) is a context-free grammar where each production has a numeric weight associated with it. The weight of a parse tree in a WCFG is the weight of the rule used to produce the top node, plus the weights of its children. A special case of WCFGs are stochastic context-free grammars, where the weights are (logarithms of) probabilities.
An extended version of the CYK algorithm can be used to find the "lightest" (least-weight) derivation of a string given some WCFG.
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“All the facts of nature are nouns of the intellect, and make the grammar of the eternal language. Every word has a double, treble or centuple use and meaning.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)