Access
| Urban (57% of the population) | Rural (43% of the population) | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | Improved water source | 98% | 68% | 85% |
| Piped on Premises | 89% | 29% | 63% | |
| Sanitation | Improved sanitation | 63% | 37% | 52% |
| Sewerage (2006 JMP survey & census data) | 22% | 0% | 13% | |
Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
Access to water supply and sanitation in urban areas of Nicaragua has been declining, since there has been little expansion in access while population levels have increased. Even though the JMP found coverage levels to be at 85% in 2010, the Nicaraguan Water and Sewerage Enterprise (ENACAL), the public utility responsible for provision of water and sanitation services to urban areas, estimates that effective coverage is less than 60 percent due to insufficient and unreliable service. There have been significant improvements in rural areas, however, since 1990. Access to improved water supply in rural areas has increased significantly from 54% in 1990 to 68% in 2010. Access to improved sanitation in rural areas has increased from 43% in 1990 to 52% in 2010. According to the 2005 census, access to improved water supply in Nicaragua was 77% in 2005, which is lower than the JMP estimate of 83%. Access to improved sanitation, however, was 85% according to the 2005 census which is higher than the JMP estimate of 50%. The difference can be largely explained by the fact that the JMP definition takes into account only improved latrines with a complete structure that are in service, while the census also counts abandoned or traditional latrines.
Read more about this topic: Water Supply And Sanitation In Nicaragua
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