Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus - Additional Images

Additional Images

  • Thalamus

  • The sensory tract.

Human brain: diencephalon (TA A14.1.08, GA 9.807)
Epithalamus
Surface
  • Pineal body
  • Habenula
  • Habenular trigone
  • Habenular commissure
Grey matter
  • Pretectal area
  • Habenular nuclei
  • Subcommissural organ
Thalamus
Surface
  • Stria medullaris of thalamus
  • Thalamic reticular nucleus
  • Taenia thalami
Grey matter/
nuclei
  • paired: AN
  • Ventral
    • VA/VL
    • VP/VPM/VPL
  • Lateral
    • LD
    • LP
    • Pulvinar nuclei
  • Metathalamus
    • MG
    • LG
  • midline: MD
  • Intralaminar
    • Centromedian
  • Midline nuclear group
  • Interthalamic adhesion
White matter
  • Mammillothalamic fasciculus
  • Pallidothalamic tracts
    • Ansa lenticularis
    • Lenticular fasciculus
    • Thalamic fasciculus
  • PCML
    • Medial lemniscus
    • Trigeminal lemniscus
  • Spinothalamic tract
  • Lateral lemniscus
  • Dentatothalamic tract
  • Acoustic radiation
  • Optic radiation
  • Subthalamic fasciculus
  • Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
  • Medullary laminae
Hypothalamus
Surface
  • Median eminence/Tuber cinereum
  • Mammillary body
  • Infundibulum
Grey matter
Autonomic zones
  • Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)
  • Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
Endocrine
  • posterior pituitary: Paraventricular
    • magnocellular
    • parvocellular
  • Supraoptic
    • oxytocin/vasopressin
  • other: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)
  • Preoptic (GnRH)
  • Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)
Emotion
  • Lateral
  • Ventromedial
  • Dorsomedial
White matter
  • afferent
    • SN → Medial forebrain bundle
  • efferent
    • Mammillothalamic fasciculus → AN, Stria terminalis → Amygdala, Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus → SC
Pituitary
  • Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular
Subthalamus
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • Zona incerta
Ventricular system:
Third ventricle
  • recesses:
    • Optic recess
    • Infundibular recess
    • Suprapineal recess
    • Pineal recess
  • Hypothalamic sulcus
  • Tela chorioidea of third ventricle
  • Subfornical organ
  • Apertures: Interventricular/Monro
  • Posterior commissure

M: CNS

anat (n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp

noco (m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
Brain and spinal cord: neural tracts and fasciculi
Sensory/
ascending
PCML

1°: Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus

2°: → sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM)

3°: → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus
Anterolateral/
pain
Fast/lateral

1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)

2° (Spinotectal tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)
Slow/medial 1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)
Motor/
descending
Pyramidal flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junction
Extrapyramidal

flexion: Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles

flexion: Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract

extension: Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract

extension: Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract

Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck
Basal ganglia

direct: 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)

indirect: 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)

nigrostriatal pathway: Pars compacta → Striatum
Cerebellar
Afferent

Vestibular nucleus → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell

Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell

Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei
Efferent

Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex

Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex

Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nucleus
Bidirectional:
Spinocerebellar
Unc. prop.

lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis)

upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum)
Reflex arc

lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis)

upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum)

M: CNS

anat (n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp

noco (m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

M: PNS

anat (h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys (r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp

noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (N1B)
Auditory and vestibular pathways
Auditory
  • inner ear: Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve VIII →
  • pons: Cochlear nuclei (Anterior, Dorsal) → Trapezoid body → Superior olivary nuclei →
  • midbrain: Lateral lemniscus → Inferior colliculi →
  • thalamus: Medial geniculate nuclei →
  • cerebrum: Acoustic radiation → Primary auditory cortex
Vestibular
  • inner ear: Vestibular nerve VIII →
  • pons: Vestibular nuclei (Medial vestibular nucleus, Lateral vestibular nucleus)
  • cerebellum: Flocculonodular lobe
  • spinal cord: Vestibulospinal tract (Medial vestibulospinal tract, Lateral vestibulospinal tract)
  • thalamus: Ventral posterolateral nucleus
  • cerebrum: Vestibular cortex
  • Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers

M: EAR

anat (e/p)/phys/devp

noco/cong, epon

proc, drug (S2)


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