Since 1980s: International Competition and Standardisation Efforts
On a multinational scale, due to the heterogeneous telecommunication economy and infrastructure before the market penetration of the Internet, management of a VAN Service proved a complicated task leading to the idea of "user defined networks", a concept preceding the nowadays ubiquitous availability of internet service. Standardization efforts for data networking were made by ITU-T (former CCIT) and included X.25 (Packet-switched network) and X.400 (Message handling system), specifically motivated by an emerging transatlantic competition in the early 1990s.
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Famous quotes containing the words competition and/or efforts:
“Knowledge in the form of an informational commodity indispensable to productive power is already, and will continue to be, a major—perhaps the major—stake in the worldwide competition for power. It is conceivable that the nation-states will one day fight for control of information, just as they battled in the past for control over territory, and afterwards for control over access to and exploitation of raw materials and cheap labor.”
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