Research
In general, cities are warmer than their surroundings, as documented over a century ago by Howard. They are islands or spots on the broader, more rural surrounding land. Thus, cities produce an urban heat island effect on the spatial distribution of temperatures. The timing of a maximum heat island is followed by a lag shortly after sundown, as urban surfaces, which absorbed and stored daytime heat, retain heat and affect the overlying air. Meantime, rural areas cool at a rapid rate.
A number of energy processes are altered to create warming, and various features lead to those alterations. City size, the morphology of the city, land-use configuration, and the geographic setting (such as relief, elevation, and regional climate) dictate the intensity of the heat island, its geographic extent, its orientation, and its persistence through time. Individual causes for heat island formation are related to city geometry, air pollution, surface materials, and anthropogenic heat emission. There are two atmosphere layers in an urban environment, besides the planetary boundary layer outside and extending well above the city: (1) The urban boundary layer is due to the spatially integrated heat and moisture exchanges between the city and its overlying air. (2) The surface of the city corresponds to the level of the urban canopy layer. Fluxes across this plane comprise those from individual units, such as roofs, canyon tops, trees, lawns, and roads, integrated over larger land-use divisions (for example, suburbs). The urban heat island effect has been a major focus of urban climatological studies, and in general the effect the urban environment has on local meteorological conditions.
Other Research within the field is focused on Air quality, Radiation Fluxes, Micro-Climates and even issues traditionally associated with architectural design and engineering, such as Wind Engineering.
Read more about this topic: Urban Climatology
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