Universal Quantification - Universal Closure

The universal closure of a formula φ is the formula with no free variables obtained by adding a universal quantifier for every free variable in φ. For example, the universal closure of

is

.

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Famous quotes containing the word universal:

    “We call contrary to nature what happens contrary to custom; nothing is anything but according to nature, whatever it may be, Let this universal and natural reason drive out of us the error and astonishment that novelty brings us.”
    —Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592)