Adverbs
The adverb of negation is değil. It is used to negate sentences that are without verb or var; then it takes the appropriate personal ending:
Evde değilim "I am not at home."It may also negate part of sentence:
İŞGALE DEĞİL DİRENİŞE DESTEK "To-occupation not to-resistance support", that is, "Support the resistance, not the occupation"(slogan on placard at demonstration).
A number of adverbs are derived from verbs:
The ending -e is seen in:
Güle güle " smilingly" (said to somebody departing); Güle güle kullanın "Use smilingly" (said to somebody with a new acquisition); Beşe çeyrek kala kalktım "To-five a-quarter remaining I-got-up", that is, "I got up at a quarter to five"; Onu yirmi geçe uyudun "You slept at twenty past ten" (uyu- "sleep", although uy- "heed").The ending -erek denotes action at the same time as, or preceding, that of another verb:
Geceyi konuşarak geçirdik "The-night talking we-caused-to-pass", that is, "We spent the night talking." Akıl yürüterek bu sonuca ulaşıyorum "By using reason, I arrived at this conclusion".
Doğaya en az zarar vererek yaşamak "To live while giving the least harm to nature".
From ol- "be, become", olarak forms adverbial phrases corresponding to those in English with "as":
Size bir dost olarak söylüyorum "To-you a friend as I'm-telling", that is, "I'm telling you this as a friend"; ciddi olarak "seriously" (ciddi "serious").The ending -meden on a verb-stem looks like the ablative gerund, but it is not (Lewis ). It indicates an action not occurring at all, or following that of the main verb:
Bakmadan atlama "Don't leap without looking"; Bakmadan önce atlama "Don't leap before looking." Bir soruyu cevaplamadan tartışmak, tartışmadan cevaplamaktan iyidir "A particular-question without-answering to-debate without-debating from-to-answer is-good," that is, "It is better to debate without answering than to answer without debating."(Source of the last sentence: Joseph Joubert as quoted on p. 20 of Gündelik Bilmeceler by Partha Ghose and Dipankar Home, translated by Özlem Özbal, Tübitak Popüler Bilim Kitapları 25, Ankara, 1996.) Complementing önce "before" is sonra "after", which can follow a verb-stem given the ending -dikten:
Baktıktan sonra atla "After looking, leap"; Ayşe baktıktan sonra Neşe atladı "After Ayşe looked, Neşe lept."Simultaneity is expressed by iken or its (not enclitic) suffixed form -(y)ken; but if it follows a verb, then the verb appears, not as a stem, but as a base; see #Bases of verbs:
Eve girmekteyken, bir şey hatırladım "As I was entering the house, I remembered something"; Ben eve girmekteyken, telefon çaldı "As I was entering the house, the telephone rang."If two verbs of the same grammatical form have the same subject, the endings on the first verb can be replaced by -ip; see the example under #Participles.
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