Examples
| Tumor marker | Associated tumor types |
|---|---|
| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) | germ cell tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma |
| CA15-3 | breast cancer |
| CA27-29 | breast cancer |
| CA19-9 | Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer. |
| CA-125 | Mainly ovarian cancer, but may also be elevated in for example endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. May also increase in endometriosis. |
| Calretinin | mesothelioma, sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour, adrenocortical carcinoma, synovial sarcoma |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen | gastrointestinal cancer, cervix cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, urinary tract cancer |
| CD34 | hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor, pleomorphic lipoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans |
| CD99 | Ewing sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor, synovial sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour |
| CD117 | gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mastocytosis, seminoma |
| Chromogranin | neuroendocrine tumor |
| Cytokeratin (various types) | Many types of carcinoma, some types of sarcoma |
| Desmin | smooth muscle sarcoma, skeletal muscle sarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma |
| Epithelial membrane protein (EMA) | many types of carcinoma, meningioma, some types of sarcoma |
| Factor VIII, CD31 FL1 | vascular sarcoma |
| Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) | glioma (astrocytoma, ependymoma) |
| Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15) | breast cancer, ovarian cancer, salivary gland cancer |
| HMB-45 | melanoma, PEComa (for example angiomyolipoma), clear cell carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | gestational trophoblastic disease, germ cell tumor, choriocarcinoma |
| immunoglobulin | lymphoma, leukemia |
| inhibin | sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour, adrenocortical carcinoma, hemangioblastoma |
| keratin (various types) | carcinoma, some types of sarcoma |
| PTPRC (CD45) | lymphoma, leukemia, histiocytic tumor |
| lymphocyte marker (various types | lymphoma, leukemia |
| MART-1 (Melan-A) | melanoma, steroid-producing tumors (adrenocortical carcinoma, gonadal tumor) |
| Myo D1 | rhabdomyosarcoma, small, round, blue cell tumour |
| muscle-specific actin (MSA) | myosarcoma (leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma) |
| neurofilament | neuroendocrine tumor, small-cell carcinoma of the lung |
| neuron-specific enolase (NSE) | neuroendocrine tumor, small-cell carcinoma of the lung, breast cancer |
| placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) | seminoma, dysgerminoma, embryonal carcinoma |
| prostate-specific antigen | prostate |
| S100 protein | melanoma, sarcoma (neurosarcoma, lipoma, chondrosarcoma), astrocytoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, salivary gland cancer, some types of adenocarcinoma, histiocytic tumor (dendritic cell, macrophage) |
| smooth muscle actin (SMA) | gastrointestinal stromal tumor, leiomyosarcoma, PEComa |
| synaptophysin | neuroendocrine tumor |
| thyroglobulin | thyroid cancer (but not in medullary thyroid cancer) |
| thyroid transcription factor-1 | all types of thyroid cancer, lung cancer |
| Tumor M2-PK | colorectal cancer, Breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma Lung cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Esophageal Cancer, Stomach Cancer,Cervical Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, |
| vimentin | sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, endometrial cancer, lung carcinoma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma |
Read more about this topic: Tumor Marker
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“Histories are more full of examples of the fidelity of dogs than of friends.”
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“No rules exist, and examples are simply life-savers answering the appeals of rules making vain attempts to exist.”
—André Breton (1896–1966)
“In the examples that I here bring in of what I have [read], heard, done or said, I have refrained from daring to alter even the smallest and most indifferent circumstances. My conscience falsifies not an iota; for my knowledge I cannot answer.”
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