Sanders
Sand is used by trams to stop wheels slipping, or to assist wheel grip in emergency braking situations. Usually sand was stored in bins under the seats in the passenger cabins close to the wheels. Generally in older vehicles the sander was operated by a small pedal in the floor. The pedal operated to open the sanders either mechanically or by air pressure. In more modern vehicles the sanders are operated electrically by pressing a button on the operator's console. Normally the sand is dropped in front of the wheels onto the track, but in some trams in Brisbane, Australia sand could also be dropped behind the wheels, in case the tram was slipping backwards on steep track. In these trams the driver depressed the sand pedal lightly to drop the sand in front of the wheels, but fully depressed the pedal to drop sand behind the tram wheels.
Read more about this topic: Tram Controls
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