A trade study or trade-off study is the activity of a multidisciplinary team to identify the most balanced technical solutions among a set of proposed viable solutions (FAA 2006). Commonly referred to as a "bake-off". These viable solutions are judged by their satisfaction of a series of measures or cost functions. These measures describe the desirable characteristics of a solution. They may be conflicting or even mutually exclusive. Trade studies are commonly used in the design of aerospace and automotive vehicles and the software selection process (Phillips et al. 2002) to find the configuration that best meets conflicting performance requirements.
The measures are dependent on variables that characterize the different potential solutions. If the system can be characterized by a set of equations, we can write the definition of the trade study problem as: Find the set of variables, xi that give the best overall satisfaction to the measures:
- T1 = f(x1, x2, x3…..)
- T2 = f(x1, x2, x3…..)
- T3 = f(x1, x2, x3…..)
- TN = f(x1, x2, x3…..)
Where Tj is a target value and f(…) denotes some functional relationship among the variables. Further, the equality between the target and the function may be a richer relationship, as will be developed below. If the equations are linear, as in the production volume example used as a starting point below, then this problem is solvable using linear programming techniques. Generally, one or more of the targets is not fixed at a specific value and it is desired to make these T values as large or small as possible. These are generally referred to as cost functions and the other measures are treated as constraints.
If the situation was as described above formal optimization or linear programming methods would work and there would be no need for this paper. However, in practice needed information is:
- Uncertain
- Evolving - new information is being developed that affects the trades
- Both qualitative and quantitative
- Comes from conflicting sources - in systems engineering, many people have some of the information needed; no one person has it all.
- The best choice comes from a team, building a shared mental model of the situation.
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Famous quotes containing the words trade and/or study:
“Until the end of the Middle Ages, and in many cases afterwards too, in order to obtain initiation in a trade of any sort whatever—whether that of courtier, soldier, administrator, merchant or workman—a boy did not amass the knowledge necessary to ply that trade before entering it, but threw himself into it; he then acquired the necessary knowledge.”
—Philippe Ariés (20th century)
“If the study of all these sciences, which we have enumerated, should ever bring us to their mutual association and relationship, and teach us the nature of the ties which bind them together, I believe that the diligent treatment of them will forward the objects which we have in view, and that the labor, which otherwise would be fruitless, will be well bestowed.”
—Plato (c. 427–347 B.C.)