Total functional programming (also known as strong functional programming, to be contrasted with ordinary, or weak functional programming) is a programming paradigm that restricts the range of programs to those that are provably terminating.
Termination is guaranteed by the following restrictions:
- A restricted form of recursion, which operates only upon ‘reduced’ forms of its arguments, such as Walther recursion, substructural recursion, or "strongly normalizing" as proven by abstract interpretation of code.
- Every function must be a total (as opposed to partial) function. That is, it must have a definition for everything inside its domain.
- There are several possible ways to extend commonly used partial functions such as division to be total: choosing an arbitrary result for inputs on which the function is normally undefined (such as for division); adding another argument to specify the result for those inputs; or excluding them by use of type system features such as refinement types.
These restrictions mean that total functional programming is not Turing-complete. However, the set of algorithms that can be used is still huge. For example, any algorithm for which an asymptotic upper bound can be calculated (by a program that itself only uses Walther recursion) can be trivially transformed into a provably-terminating function by using the upper bound as an extra argument decremented on each iteration or recursion.
Some classes of algorithms without a theoretical upper bound, but which have a practical upper bound (for example, some heuristic-based algorithms) can be programmed to "give up" after so many recursions, also ensuring termination.
Another outcome of total functional programming is that both strict evaluation and lazy evaluation result in the same behaviour, in principle; however, one or the other may still be preferable (or even required) for performance reasons.
In total functional programming, a distinction is made between data and codata—the former is finitary, while the latter is potentially infinite. Such potentially infinite data structures are used for applications such as I/O. Using codata entails the usage of such operations as corecursion. However, it is possible to do I/O in a total functional programming language (with dependent types) also without codata.
Both Epigram and Charity could be considered total functional programming languages, even though they don't work in the way Turner specifies in his paper. So could programming directly in plain System F, in Martin-Löf type theory or the Calculus of Constructions.
Famous quotes containing the words total, functional and/or programming:
“Throughout human history, the apostles of purity, those who have claimed to possess a total explanation, have wrought havoc among mere mixed-up human beings.”
—Salman Rushdie (b. 1948)
“In short, the building becomes a theatrical demonstration of its functional ideal. In this romanticism, High-Tech architecture is, of course, no different in spirit—if totally different in form—from all the romantic architecture of the past.”
—Dan Cruickshank (b. 1949)
“If there is a price to pay for the privilege of spending the early years of child rearing in the driver’s seat, it is our reluctance, our inability, to tolerate being demoted to the backseat. Spurred by our success in programming our children during the preschool years, we may find it difficult to forgo in later states the level of control that once afforded us so much satisfaction.”
—Melinda M. Marshall (20th century)