Timeline of Russian History - 19th Century

19th Century

Year Date Event
1801 8 January Paul authorized the incorporation of Kartl-Kakheti into the Russian empire.
11 March Paul was killed in his bed.
23 March Paul's son, Alexander I, ascended to the throne.
1802 Alexander established the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD).
1804 Russo-Persian War (1804–1813): Russian forces attacked the Persian settlement of Üçkilise.
1805 The Ottoman Empire dismissed the pro-Russian hospodars of its vassal states, Wallachia and Moldavia.
26 December War of the Third Coalition: The Treaty of Pressburg ceded Austrian possessions in Dalmatia to France.
1806 October To counter the French presence in Dalmatia, Russia invaded Wallachia and Moldavia.
27 December Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812): The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia.
1807 14 June Battle of Friedland: The Russian army suffered a defeat against the French, suffering twenty thousand dead.
7 July The Treaty of Tilsit was signed. Alexander agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia and ceded the Ionian Islands and Cattaro to the French. The treaty ended Russia's conflict with France; Napoleon promised to aid Russia in conflicts with the Ottoman Empire.
16 November Alexander demanded that Sweden close the Baltic Sea to British warships.
1808 21 February Finnish War: Russian troops crossed the Swedish border and captured Hämeenlinna.
1809 29 March Diet of Porvoo: The four Estates of Finland swore allegiance to the Russian crown.
17 September Finnish War: The Treaty of Fredrikshamn was signed, ending the war and ceding Finland to the Russian Empire.
1810 The first military settlement was established near Klimovichi.
1 January Alexander established the State Council, which received the executive powers of the Governing Senate.
20 February The Russian government proclaimed the deposition of Solomon II from the throne of Imereti.
1811 27 March Regional military companies were merged into the Internal Guard.
1812 28 May Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812): The Treaty of Bucharest ended the war and transferred Bessarabia to Russia.
24 June French invasion of Russia (1812): The French army crossed the Neman River into Russia.
14 September French invasion of Russia (1812): The French army entered a deserted Moscow, the high-water mark of their invasion.
14 December French invasion of Russia (1812): The last French troops were forced off of Russian territory.
1813 24 October Russo-Persian War (1804–1813): According to the Treaty of Gulistan, the Persian Empire ceded its Transcaucasian territories to Russia.
1815 9 June Congress of Vienna: The territory of the Duchy of Warsaw was divided between Prussia, Russia, and three newly established states: the Grand Duchy of Posen, the Free City of Kraków and Congress Poland. The latter was a constitutional monarchy with Alexander as its king.
1825 19 November Alexander died of typhus. The army swore allegiance to his oldest brother, the Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich. Constantine, however, following Alexander's choice of successor, swore allegiance to his younger brother, Nicholas I.
12 December Under pressure from Constantine, Nicholas published Alexander's succession manifesto.
14 December Decembrist revolt: Three thousand soldiers gathered at the Senate Square in Saint Petersburg, and declared their loyalty to Constantine and to the idea of a Russian constitution. When talk failed, the tsarist army dispersed the demonstrators with artillery, killing at least sixty.
1826 An imperial decree established the Second Section of His Majesty's Own Chancery, concerned with codifying and publishing the law, and the Third Section, which operated as the Empire's secret police.
July Nicholas established the office of Chief of Gendarmes, in charge of the Gendarmerie units of the Internal Guard.
16 July Russo-Persian War (1826–1828): The Persian army invaded the Russian-owned Talysh Khanate.
1828 21 February Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Facing the possibility of a Russian conquest of Tehran, Persia signed the Treaty of Turkmenchay.
May The Russian army occupied Wallachia.
June Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829): The Russian armed forces crossed into Dobruja, an Ottoman territory.
1829 14 September Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829): The Treaty of Adrianople was signed, ceding the eastern shore of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube to the Russians.
1830 29 November November Uprising: A group of Polish nationalists attacked Belweder Palace, the seat of the Governor-General.
1831 25 January November Uprising: An act of the Sejm dethroned Nicholas from the Polish crown.
29 January November Uprising: A new government took office in Poland.
4 February November Uprising: Russian troops crossed the Polish border.
September Battle of Warsaw (1831): The Russian army captured Warsaw, ending the November Uprising.
1836 The Gendarmerie of the Internal Guard was spun off as the Special Corps of Gendarmes.
1852 December The Ottoman sultan confirmed the supremacy of France and the Catholic Church over Christians in the Holy Land.
1853 3 July Russia invaded the Ottoman provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia.
4 October Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia.
1854 28 March Crimean War: Britain and France declared war on Russia.
August Crimean War: In order to prevent the Austrian Empire entering the war, Russia evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia.
1855 18 February Nicholas died. His son, Alexander II, became tsar.
1856 30 March Crimean War: The Treaty of Paris was signed, officially ending the war. The Black Sea was demilitarized. Russia lost territory it had been granted at the mouth of the Danube, abandoned claims to protect Turkish Christians, and lost its influence over the Danubian Principalities.
1857 The last military settlements were disbanded.
1858 28 May The Treaty of Aigun was signed, pushing the Russo-Chinese border east to the Amur river; Tarriff Act reduces import tax.
1860 18 October The Convention of Peking transferred the Ussuri krai from China to Russia.
1861 3 March Emancipation reform of 1861: Alexander issued a manifesto emancipating the serfs; Student Protests against the Tsar.
1863 22 January January Uprising: An anti-Russian uprising began in Poland; girls allowed into secondary schools and standard curriculum set.
1864 1 January Zemstva were established for the local self-government of Russian citizens.
1 May The Russian army began an incursion into the Khanate of Kokand.
21 May Caucasian War: Alexander declared the war over.
5 August January Uprising: Romuald Traugutt, the dictator of the rebellion, was hanged.
20 November Judicial reform of Alexander II: A royal decree introduced new laws unifying and liberalizing the Russian judiciary.
1865 17 June The Russian army captured Tashkent
1867 The conquered territories of Central Asia became a separate Guberniya, the Russian Turkestan.
30 March Alaska purchase: Russia agreed to the sale of Alaska to the United States of America.
1868 The Khanate of Kokand became a Russian vassal state.
1870 More vocational subjects taught to girls in schools
1873 The Narodnik rebellion began.
The Emirate of Bukhara became a Russian protectorate.
18 May Khiva was captured by Russian troops.
12 August A peace treaty was signed that established the Khanate of Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate.
1876 March The Khanate of Kokand was incorporated into the Russian Empire.
20 April April Uprising: Bulgarian nationalists attacked the Ottoman police headquarters in Oborishte.
May Alexander signed the Ems Ukaz, banning the use of the Ukrainian language in print.
8 July A secret treaty prepared for the division of the Balkans between Russia and Austria-Hungary, depending on the outcome of local revolutionary movements.
6 December Kazan demonstration: A political demonstration in front of the Kazan Cathedral in Saint Petersburg marked the appearance of the revolutionary group Land and Liberty.
1877 February The Trial of the 193 occurred, punishing the participants of the Narodnik rebellion.
24 April Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
1878 3 March Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): The Treaty of San Stephano was signed, concluding the war and transferring Northern Dobruja and some Caucasian territories into Russian hands. Several Slavic states, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria, received independence or autonomy.
13 July Congress of Berlin: The Treaty of Berlin, imposed on Russia by the West, divided Bulgaria into Eastern Rumelia and the Principality of Bulgaria.
1879 August Land and Liberty split into the moderate Black Repartition and the radical terrorist group People's Will.
1880 6 August The Special Corps of Gendarmes and the Third Section were disbanded; their functions and most capable officers were transferred to the new Department of State Police under the MVD.
1881 Constitution proposed, Alexander II agrees to it but doesn't get a chance to sign it
10 March Alexander was assassinated by Ignacy Hryniewiecki of the People's Will. His son, Alexander III, becomes tsar.
21 September Persia officially recognized Russia's annexation of Khwarazm in the Treaty of Akhal.
1882 Alexander III introduces Factroy Inspections and restricts working hours for women and children
3 May Alexander III introduced the May Laws, which expelled Russian Jews from rural areas and small towns and severely restricted their access to education
1883 Peasant Land Bank set up
1890 12 June An imperial decree subordinated the zemstva to the authority of the appointed regional governors.
1891 Severe famine affects almost half of Russia's provinces
1892 Witte's Great Spurt increases industrial growth; women banned from mines and children under 12 banned from working in factories
1894 1 November Alexander III dies. His son Nicholas II succeeds him as tsar.
1898 1 March The Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) held its first Party Congress.
1900 16 July onward In response to a local trade blockade, Russia invades and occupies the Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River. All 30,000 Qing Dynasty citizens are expelled from their homes and driven across the Amur River, where most drown.
6 February As part of the Russification of Finland, Nicholas issues the Language Manifesto of 1900, making Russian the official language of Finnish administration.

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