Timeline of Portuguese History - 2nd Century BC

2nd Century BC

Year Date Event
200 The Latin poet Quintus Ennius records, for the first time, the use of the word Hispania to designate the Iberian peninsula (from the Carthaginian name). By this time, the Romans control most of eastern and southern Hispania, along the Mediterranean coast.
197 In a first attempt of a Roman provincial administration in Hispania, Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus and M. Helvius divide the peninsula into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior (the one actually controlled by Rome). These two provinces were to be ruled by Governors with a mandate of one year.
Lusitania, Gallaecia and Asturias are included in the Roman province of Hispania Ulterior.
194 Lusitanians resist Roman invaders successfully, taking back land and ransacking Conistorgis, the Conii royal capital (in modern Algarve), because of that people's alliance with Rome.
The Lusitanians are defeated by the Romans, led by Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica (Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus' son), when sacking the city of Ilipa (in the Guadalquivir).
180 Viriathus, famous Lusitanian leader, is born in the Herminius Mons (probably in modern Serra da Estrela, Portugal).
179 The Praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrated a triumph over the Lusitanians.
155 Under the command of Punicus first and Cesarus after, the Lusitanians and Vettones reach Gibraltar. There they were defeated by the Praetor Lucius Mummius. Beginning of the Lusitanian War. Still the struggle continues in the years to come with frequent Lusitanian victories.
154 Lusitanians, under Cesarus, pillage through Baetica (modern Andalusia).
Lusitanians, under Caucenus, pillage through southern Lusitania (modern Alentejo and Algarve).
There is a Lusitanian migratory movement towards the south.
152 From this date onwards the Roman Republic has difficulties in recruiting soldiers for the wars in Hispania, deemed particularly brutal.
150 The Lusitanians are defeated by Praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba. Springing a clever trap, Galba's Legions killed 9000 Lusitanians and later sold 20000 more as slaves in Gaul (modern France).
147 The Lusitanians suffer severe losses at the hands of the Roman army led by Caius Vetilius, appointed governor of Hispania Ulterior.
Caius Vetilius promises the Lusitanians lands in the south if they abide by Roman rule. Viriathus, a survivor of Servius Sulpicius Galba's massacre, urges the tribes not to trust the Romans and fight back.
Viriathus is acclaimed leader of the Lusitanians.
The Lusitanians successfully resist Roman offensive.
Caius Vetilius, appointed governor of Hispania Ulterior, is killed in an ambush led by Viriathus.
146 Viriathus' Lusitanians defeat the Roman forces of Caius Plancius, taking the city of Segobriga.
Viriathus' Lusitanians defeat the Roman forces of Claudius Unimanus, governor of Hispania Citerior.
145 Viriathus' Lusitanians defeat the Roman forces of Caius Nigidius.
Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus is appointed governor of Hispania Citerior and given the specific task of helping Caius Lelius defeat Viriathus and the Lusitanians. The Romans achieve some military victories.
143 The Roman forces of Fabius Maximus Aemilianus are defeated in Ossuma (near modern Córdoba).
The Roman forces of Fabius Maximus Aemilianus are totally defeated near what is today the city of Beja in Alentejo.
142 The governor Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus attacks the territory of the Vettones, but is not able to take the cities of Numancia and Termancia.
140 Fabius Servilianus, new Consul of Hispania Ulterior, after having sacked several cities loyal to Viriathus in Baetica and southern Lusitania, is defeated by the Lusitanians in Erisane (in Baetica).
Fabius Servilianus, after the defeat, declared Viriathus to be a Friend of the Roman People and recognized the Lusitanian rule over their own lands.
139 The Roman Senate deems Fabius Servilianus' actions unworthy of Rome, and sends Servilius Cipianus to defeat the rebellious tribes of Hispania.
In Hispania Ulterior, Servilius Cipianus, with the aid of Marcus Pompilius Lenas' armies, severely defeat the Lusitanians and oblige Viriathus to take refuge north of the Tagus river and surrender hostages, such as his son father-in-law, Astolpas.
Servilius Cipianus armies also attack the Vettones and the Gallaecians.
Servilius Cipianus founds the Roman cities of Castra Servilia and Caepiana (in the territory of the Celtici).
Viriathus send emissaries to negotiate the peace with Servilius Cipianus.
Viriathus is betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (that had been sent as emissaries to Servilius Cipianus), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus, bribed by Marcus Pompilius Lenas.
When Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus return to receive their reward by the Romans, the Consul Servilius Cipianus orders their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors".
Viriathus' Lusitanian armies, now led by Tautalus, still tries a southern incursion against the Romans, but are defeated. End of the Lusitanian War.
The Romans grant the Lusitanians lands in the south of Lusitania (in modern Alentejo).
138 First big Roman campaign deep inside present Portuguese territory led by Consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus. Decimus Junius Brutus, having in his back a pacified southern Lusitania (modern Alentejo and Algarve), established headquarters in the Valley of the Tagus (probably in the site of the Castle of Almourol) and had the allied city of Olisipo (modern Lisbon) fortified before advancing north, destroying settlements as he went. His defeat of a combined army of 60,000 Lusitanians, Gauls, and Callaici earned Decimus a "triumph" and the cognomen Callaicus.
The city of Olisipo (modern Lisbon) sends men to fight alongside the Roman legions against the Celtic tribes of the Northwest.
137 Proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus advances further north, mainly along the coastline, and establishes a fortified position in the area of modern Viseu.
The Roman legions cross the Douro river and enter the territory of the Gallaecians.
The Roman legions reluctantly cross the Lima river (Lethe, the river of forgetfulness), only after Decimus Junius Brutus crossed alone and called for them, thus proving he had not lost his memory.
136 Roman legions under Proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus reach the Minho river, but do not cross it for fear of losing their memories, again feraing they had reached the Lethe, the river of forgetfulness.
Decimus Junius Brutus lays siege and conquers the city of Talabriga, thus defeating the Gallaecians. After the military campaigns, the Roman legions departed south and left no garrisons.
The Roman Senate grants Praetor Decimus Junius Brutus the title Callaicus for his campaigns in Gallaecia.
133 The Celtiberians are defeated ending the Numantian War
132 A delegation of Roman Senators visits the new conquered territories in Iberian Peninsula so as to see what needs to be accomplished so Hispania could be incorporated into the growing empire.
114 Praetor Gaius Marius is sent to govern Lusitania and has to deal with minor Lusitanian unruliness.
113 Romans score victories against Lusitanian attacks with Praetor Gaius Marius and Proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus (who replaced Marius), but still the Lusitanians resist with a long guerrilla war. Eventually they are defeated.
Beginning of the progressive consolidation of Roman administration and control.
105 After the Battle of Arausio, the Germanic Teutons and Cimbri plunder through all north Iberia as far as Gallaecia, before moving out and being defeated in the battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae. (to 102 )

Read more about this topic:  Timeline Of Portuguese History

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