Biological Swarming
Examples of biological swarming are found in bird flocks, fish schools, insect swarms, bacteria swarms, molds, molecular motors, quadruped herds and people.
- Swarm Theory National Geographic. Feature article, July 2007.
- Beekman M, Sword GA and Simpson SK (2008) Biological Foundations of Swarm Intelligence. In Swarm intelligence: introduction and applications, Eds Blum C and Merkle D. シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社, Page 3–43. ISBN 978-3-540-74088-9
- Parrish JK, Edelstein-Keshet L (1999). "Complexity, pattern and evolutionary trade-offs in animal aggregation" (PDF). Science 284 (5411): 99–101. Bibcode 1999Sci...284...99P. doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.99. PMID 10102827. http://people.hnl.bcm.tmc.edu/jli/reference/105.pdf.
- Spawning
- Synchronous spawning
- External fertilization
Read more about this topic: Swarm Behaviour
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