Sioux Language - Writing Systems

Writing Systems

Life for the Dakota changed significantly in the the nineteenth century as the early years brought increased contact with white settlers, particularly Christian missionaries. The goal of the missionaries was to introduce the Dakota to Christian beliefs. To achieve this, the missions began to transcribe the Dakota language. In 1836, brothers Samuel and Gideon Pond, Rev. Stephen Return Riggs, and Dr. Thomas Williamson set out to begin translating hymns and Bible stories into Dakota. By 1852, Riggs and Williamson had completed a Dakota Grammar and Dictionary (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Center). Eventually, the entire Bible was translated.

Today, it is possible to find a variety of texts in Dakota. Traditional stories have been translated, children’s books, even games such as Pictionary and Scrabble. Despite such progress, written Dakota is not without its difficulties. The Pond brothers, Rev. Riggs, and Dr. Williamson were not the only missionaries documenting the Dakota language. Around the same time, missionaries in other Dakota bands were developing their own versions of the written language. Since the 1900s, professional linguists have been creating their own versions of the orthography. The Dakota have also been making modifications. “Having so many different writing systems is causing confusion, conflict between our people, causing inconstancy in what is being taught to students, and making the sharing of instructional and other materials very difficult” (SICC).

Prior to the white man’s way of writing, the Dakota did have a writing system of their own: one of representational pictographs. In pictographic writing, a drawing represents exactly what it means. For example, a drawing of a dog literally meant a dog. Palmer writes that,

“As a written language, it was practical enough that it allowed the Lakota to keep a record of years in their winter counts which can still be understood today, and it was in such common usage that pictographs were recognized and accepted by census officials in the 1880s, who would receive boards or hides adorned with the head of the household’s name depicted graphically” (pg. 34).

For the missionaries however, documenting the Bible through pictographs was impractical and presented significant challenges.

Comparative Table of Dakota and Lakota Orthographies
IPA Buechel and Manhart
 Ullrich Brandon University Deloria
and Boas		 Dakota Mission Rood and Taylor Riggs Williamson University of Minnesota White Hat
ʔ ´ ´ ʾ ´ ʼ ´ ´ ´
a a a a a a a a a a a
aː a (á) á a a a a a a a a
ã an, an' (aη) aŋ an̄ ą an ą aŋ aŋ aŋ aη
p~b b b b b b b b b b b
tʃ c č c c c č ć c c c̄
tʃʰ c (c, c̔) čh ć cʽ c čh ć̣ c̣ c ċ ¹
tʃʼ c’ č’ c̦ c’ c čʼ ć c c’ ċ’ ¹
t~d d d d d d d d d
e~ɛ e e e e e e e e e e
eː~ɛː e (é) é e e e e e e e e
k~ɡ g g g g g g g g g g
ʁ~ɣ g (ġ) ǧ ǥ ġ g ǧ ġ ġ g ġ
h h h h h h h h h h h
χ h̔ ȟ ħ ḣ r ȟ ḣ ḣ ḣ ḣ
χʔ~χʼ h’ (h̔’) ȟ’ ħ̦ ḣ’ r ȟʼ ḣ ḣ ḣ’ ḣ’
i i i i i i i i i i i
iː i (í) í i i i i i i i i
ĩ in, in' (iη) iŋ in̄ į in į iŋ iŋ iŋ iη
k k (k, k̇) k k k k k k k k k
kʰ~kˣ k kh k̔ k‘ k kh k k ḳ k
qˣ~kˠ k (k̔) kȟ k̔ k‘ k kh k k ḳ k̇
kʼ k’ k’ ķ k’ q kʼ ḳ ḳ k’ k’
l l l l l l l l
lː l´
m m m m m m m m m m m
n n n n n n n n n n n
ŋ n n n n n ň n n n n
o o o o o o o o o o o
oː o (ó) ó o o o o o o o o
õ~ũ on, on' (oη) uŋ un̄ ų on ų oŋ oŋ uŋ uη
p ṗ (p, ṗ) p p p p p p p p p̄
pʰ p ph p̔ p‘ p ph p p p̣ p
pˣ~pˠ p (p̔) pȟ p̔ p‘ p ph p p p̣ ṗ
pʼ p’ p’ p̦ p’ p pʼ p̣ p̣ p’ p’
s s s s s s s s s s s
sʼ s’ s’ ș s’ s sʼ s’ s’ s’ s’
ʃ š š š ṡ x, ś š ś ṡ ṡ ṡ ²
ʃʔ~ʃʼ š’ š’ ș̌ ṡ’ x, ś š ś’ ṡ’ ṡ’ ṡ’ ²
t t (t, ṫ) t t t t t t t t t
tʰ t th tʿ tʽ t th t t ṭ t
tˣ~tˠ t (t̔) tȟ tʿ tʽ t th t t ṭ ṫ
tʼ t’ t’ ţ t’ t tʼ ṭ ṭ t’ t’
u u u u u u u u u u u
uː u (ú) ú u u u u u u u u
õ~ũ un, un' (uη) uŋ un̄ ų un ų uŋ uŋ uŋ uη
w w w w w w w w w w w
j y y y y y y y y y y
z z z z z z z z z z z
ʒ j ž ž z j ž ź ż ż j

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