Chart of Correspondences
Note:
- MC: Middle Chinese
- Pinyin: Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin) in its official spelling. Multiple outcomes for MC initials (e.g. MC /g/ → Pinyin g,j,k,q) are primarily due to two reasons:
- MC voiced stops/affricates become Mandarin aspirated stops/affricates (p,t,k,etc.) when the syllable had the MC first tone (Mandarin first/second tones), unaspirated stops/affricates (b,d,g,etc.) otherwise.
- Early Mandarin velar obstruents (g,k,h) and alveolar sibilants (z,c,s) become palatal obstruents (j,q,x) when a front vowel or glide followed.
- Go: Go-on (呉音), from the Southern and Northern Dynasties China or Baekje Korea during the 5th and 6th centuries. Go means Wu.
- Kan: Kan-on (漢音), from the Tang Dynasty during the 7th to 9th century.
- Tō-on (唐音): Zen Buddhist borrowings from the Song Dynasty (10th to 13th century) and after.
Initials:
| Place | Phonation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless | Voiced | ||||
| Unaspirated | Aspirated | Obstruent | Sonorant | ||
| Labial (bilabial · labiodental) |
MC | 幫・非 · |
滂・敷 · |
並・奉 · |
明・微 · |
| Pinyin | b · f | p · f | b,p · f | m · w | |
| Go | → → | ||||
| Kan | → → | ( before an original ) | |||
| Coronal stop (alveolar · retroflex) |
MC | 端・知 · |
透・徹 · |
定・澄 · |
泥・娘 · |
| Pinyin | d · zh | t · ch | d,t · zh,ch | n · n | |
| Go | |||||
| Kan | ( before an original ) | ||||
| Lateral | MC | 来 |
|||
| Pinyin | l | ||||
| Go | |||||
| Kan | |||||
| Coronal sibilant (alveolar · palatal, retroflex) (affricate / fricative) |
MC | 精・照 · |
清・穿 · |
従・牀 · |
|
| 心・審 · |
邪・禅 · |
||||
| Pinyin | z,j · zh | c,q · ch | z,j,c,q · zh,ch | ||
| s,x · sh | s,x · sh | ||||
| Go | |||||
| Kan | |||||
| Palatal nasal | MC | 日 |
|||
| Pinyin | r | ||||
| Go | |||||
| Kan | |||||
| Velar stop | MC | 見 |
渓 |
群 |
疑 |
| Pinyin | g,j | k,q | g,j,k,q | w | |
| Go | |||||
| Kan | |||||
| Glottal | MC | 影 |
喩 (null) |
||
| Pinyin | (null),y,w | y,w | |||
| Go | (null) or or | or | |||
| Kan | (null) or or | or | |||
| Velar fricative | MC | 暁 |
匣 |
||
| Pinyin | h,x | h,x | |||
| Go | or | ||||
| Kan | |||||
Finals:
| MC | Pinyin | Go | Kan | Tō-on | in some compounds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /m/ | n | /mu/ → /ɴ/ | /ɴ/ | ||
| /n/ | n | /ɴ/ | |||
| /ŋ/ | ng | /u/ → see below | after front vowel, /i/; after back vowel, /u/ → see below | /ɴ/ | ?? same as not in compound ?? |
| /p/ | (null) | /pu/ → /ɸu/ → /u/ → see below | /Q/ | ||
| /t/ | (null) | /ti/ | /tu/ | ?? | /Q/ |
| /k/ | (null) | /ku/ | after front vowel, /ki/; after back vowel, /ku/ | ?? | /Q/ |
Later developments of diphthongs:
- /au/,/aɸu/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
- /eu/,/eɸu/ → /joː/
- /iu/,/iɸu/ → /juː/
- /ou/,/oɸu/ → /oː/
- /uu/,/uɸu/ → /uː/
Read more about this topic: Sino-Japanese Vocabulary
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