Germanic languages · Germanic philology
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Language subgroups |
- North
- East
- Elbe
- Weser-Rhine
- North Sea
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Reconstructed |
- Proto-Germanic
- Proto-Germanic grammar
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Historical languages |
North
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- Proto-Norse
- Old Norse
- Old Swedish
- Old Gutnish
- Norn
- Greenlandic Norse
- Old Norwegian
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East
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- Gothic
- Crimean Gothic
- Vandalic
- Burgundian
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West
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- Old Saxon
- Middle Low German
- Old High German
- Middle High German
- Old Frankish
- Old Dutch
- Middle Dutch
- Old Frisian
- Middle Frisian
- Old English
- Middle English
- Early Scots
- Middle Scots
- Lombardic
- Yola
- Fingalian
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Modern languages |
- Afrikaans
- Alemannic
- Danish
- Dutch
- English
- Faroese
- German
- Gutnish
- Icelandic
- Limburgish
- Low German
- Luxembourgish
- North Frisian
- Norwegian
- Saterland Frisian
- Scots
- Swedish
- Vilamovian
- West Frisian
- Yiddish
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Diachronic features |
- Grimm's law
- Verner's law
- Holtzmann's law
- Sievers' law
- Kluge's law
- Germanic substrate hypothesis
- West Germanic gemination
- High German consonant shift
- Germanic a-mutation
- Germanic umlaut
- Germanic spirant law
- Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
- Great vowel shift
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Synchronic features |
- Germanic verb
- Germanic strong verb
- Germanic weak verb
- Preterite-present verb
- Grammatischer Wechsel
- Indo-European ablaut
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Language histories |
- English (phonology)
- Scots (phonology)
- German
- Dutch
- Danish
- Icelandic
- Swedish
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