Shotgun Argumentation - Formal Fallacies

Formal Fallacies

A formal fallacy is an error in logic that can be seen in the argument's form. All formal fallacies are specific types of non sequiturs.

• Appeal to probability – takes something for granted because it would probably be the case (or might be the case).
• Argument from fallacy – assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious, then the conclusion itself is false.
• Base rate fallacy – making a probability judgement based on conditional probabilities, without taking into account the effect of prior probabilities.
• Conjunction fallacy – assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them.
• Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) – the substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one.