Second Law of Thermodynamics - Non-equilibrium States

Non-equilibrium States

Statistically it is possible for a system to achieve moments of non-equilibrium. In such statistically unlikely events where hot particles "steal" the energy of cold particles enough that the cold side gets colder and the hot side gets hotter, for an instant. Such events have been observed at a small enough scale where the likelihood of such a thing happening is significant. The physics involved in such an event is described by the fluctuation theorem.