Science and Technology of The Han Dynasty - Weaponry and War Machines

Weaponry and War Machines

Further information: Military history of China (pre-1911), Naval history of China, and Chinese armour

The pivot catapult, known as the traction trebuchet, had existed in China since the Warring States Period (as evidenced by the Mozi). It was regularly used in sieges during the Han Dynasty, by both besiegers and the besieged. The most common projectile weapon used during the Han Dynasty was the small handheld, trigger-activated crossbow (and to a lesser extent, the repeating crossbow), first invented in China during the 6th or 5th century BCE. Although the nomadic Xiongnu were able to twist their waists slightly while horse-riding and shoot arrows at targets behind them, the official Chao Cuo (d. 154 BCE) deemed the Chinese crossbow superior to the Xiongnu bow.

A Chinese crossbow mechanism with a buttplate from either the late Warring States Period or the early Han Dynasty; made of bronze and inlaid with silver

The Han Chinese also employed chemical warfare. In quelling a peasant revolt near Guiyang in 178 CE, the imperial Han forces had horse-drawn chariots carrying bellows that were used to pump powdered lime (calcium oxide) at the rebels, who were dispersed. In this same instance, they also lit incendiary rags tied to the tails of horses, so that the frightened horses would rush through the enemy lines and disrupt their formations.

To deter pursuits of marching infantry or riding cavalry, the Han Chinese made caltrops (barbed iron balls with sharp spikes sticking out in all directions) that could be scattered on the ground and pierce the feet or hooves of those who were unaware of them.