Signs and Symptoms
Robinow noted the resemblance of affected patients' faces to that of a fetus, using the term "fetal facies" to describe the appearance of a small face and widely spaced eyes. Clinical features also may include a short, upturned nose, a prominent forehead, and a flat nasal bridge. The upper lip may be "tented," exposing dental crowding, "tongue tie," or gum hypertrophy.
Though the eyes do not protrude, abnormalities in the lower eyelid may give that impression. Surgery may be necessary if the eyes cannot close fully. In addition, the ears may be set low on the head or have a deformed pinna.
Patients suffer from dwarfism, short lower arms, small feet, and small hands. Fingers and toes may also be abnormally short and laterally or medially bent. The thumb may be displaced and some patients, notably in Turkey, experience ectrodactyly. All patients often suffer from vertebral segmentation abnormalities. Those with the dominant variant have, at most, a single butterfly vertebra. Those with the recessive form, however, may suffer from hemivertebrae, vertebral fusion, and rib anomalies. Some cases resemble Jarcho-Levin syndrome or spondylocostal dysostosis.
Genital defects characteristically seen in males include a micropenis with a normally developed scrotum and testes. Sometimes, testicles may be undescended, or the patient may suffer from hypospadias. Female genital defects may include a reduced size clitoris and underdeveloped labia minora. Infrequently, the labia majora may also be underdeveloped. Some research has shown that females may experience vaginal atresia or haematocolpos.
The autosomal recessive form of the disorder tends to be much more severe. Examples of differences are summarized in the following table:
| Characteristic | Autosomal recessive | Autosomal dominant |
|---|---|---|
| Stature | Shorter stature -2 SD or less | Short or normal |
| Arms | Very short | Slightly short |
| Elbow | Radial head dislocation | No radial head dislocation |
| Upper lip | Tented upper lip | Normal upper lip |
| Mortality rate | 10% mortality | No excess mortality |
Read more about this topic: Robinow Syndrome
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