Robert Sanderson may refer to:
- Robert Sanderson (Nova Scotia) (1696 – after 1761), merchant and politician of Nova Scotia
- Robert Sanderson (theologian) (1587–1663), English theologian and casuist
- Robert Sanderson (MP for West Looe), British Member of Parliament for West Looe 1588–1589
- Robert B. Sanderson (c. 1826 – after 1867), American farmer and politician