Puppet States in World War I
- Belarusian National Republic (1918–1919) – Part of the German Empire's plan of Mitteleuropa. Later became a part of the Soviet Union.
- Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918) – The Central Powers' forces occupied Russian Congress Poland in 1915 and in 1916 the German Empire and Austria-Hungary created a Polish Monarchy in order to exploit the occupied territories in an easier way and mobilize the Poles against the Russians (see Polish Legions). In 1918 the puppet-state became independent and formed the backbone of the new internationally recognized Second Polish Republic.
- Kingdom of Lithuania (1918) – after Russia's defeat, the Germans established a puppet Lithuanian kingdom. However it became an independent republic with Germany's defeat.
- Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918) – in 1915 the Imperial German forces occupied the Russian Courland Governorate and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the war in the east, so the local ethnic Baltic Germans established a Duchy under the German crown from that part of Ober Ost, with a common return of civil administration in favor of military. The puppet-state was very swiftly merged with another German puppet state, the Baltic State Duchy, and German-occupied territories of Russian Empire in Livonia and Estonia, into a multi-ethnic United Baltic Duchy, another German puppet-state.
- Kingdom of Finland (1918) – A short-lived monarchy in Finland after the end of czarist rule
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