Proto-Sinaitic Script - Wadi El-Hol Inscriptions

Wadi El-Hol Inscriptions

The Wadi el-Hol inscriptions (Arabic وادي الهول Wādī al-Hawl 'Ravine of Terror') were carved on the stone sides of an ancient high-desert military and trade road linking Thebes and Abydos, in the heart of literate Egypt. They are in a wadi in the Qena bend of the Nile, at approx. 25°57′N 32°25′E / 25.95°N 32.417°E / 25.95; 32.417, among dozens of hieratic and hieroglyphic inscriptions. The inscriptions are graphically very similar to the Serabit inscriptions, but show a greater hieroglyphic influence, such as a glyph for a man that was apparently not read alphabetically.

H₁ is a figure of celebration, whereas h₂ is either that of a child or of dancing . If the latter, h₁ and h₂ may be graphic variants (such as two hieroglyphs both used to write the Canaanite word hillul "jubilation") rather than different consonants.

Hieroglyphs representing celebration, a child, and dancing respectively. The first appears to be the prototype for h₁, while the latter two have been suggested as the prototype for h₂.

Some scholars (Darnell et al.) think that the רב rb at the beginning of Inscription 1 is likely rebbe (chief; cognate with rabbi); and that the אל ’l at the end of Inscription 2 is likely ’el "(a) god". Brian Colless has published a translation of the text, in which some of the signs are treated as logograms (representing a whole word, not just a single consonant) or rebuses “Excellent (R) banquet (mšt) of the celebration (H) of `Anat (`nt). ’El (’l) will provide (ygš) plenty (rb) of wine (wn) and victuals (mn) for the celebration (H). We will sacrifice (ngt_) to her (h) an ox (’) and (p) a prime (R) fatling (mX).” This interpretation fits into the pattern in some of the surrounding Egyptian inscriptions, with celebrations for the goddess Hathor involving inebriation.