Subsequent Sound Changes
Among the sound changes from Proto-Indo-Iranian to Indo-Aryan is the loss of the voiced sibilant *z, among those to Iranian is the de-aspiration of the PIE voiced aspirates.
| PIE | OInd/VS | Av | PIE | OInd/VS | Av | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *p | > | p | p | *ph̥atēr "father" | pitā́ "father" | pitar- "father" |
| *b | > | b | b | *bel- "strong" | bálam "strength" | - |
| *bh | > | bh | b | *bhréhatēr "brother" | bhrā́tār- "brother" | brātar- "brother |
| *t | > | t | t | *tuhxóm "thou" | tuvám "thou" | tvəm "thou" |
| *d | > | d | d | *doru "wood" | dā́ru "wood" | dāru- "wood" |
| *dh | > | dh | d | *dhohxneha- "grain" | dhānā́- "grain" | dāna- "grain" |
| *k̂ | > | ś | s | *dék̂m̥ "ten" | dáśa "ten" | dasa "ten" |
| *ĝ | > | j | z | *ĝónu "knee" | jā́nu "knee" | zānu- "knee" |
| *ĝh | > | h | z | *ĝhimós "cold" | himá- "cold, frost" | zəmaka- "winterstorm" |
| *k | > | k ~ c | x ~ č | *kruharós "bloody" | krūrá- "bloody" | xrūra- "bloody" |
| *téket "may he run" | - | tačat̰ "may he run" | ||||
| *g | > | g ~ j | g ~ ǰ | *haéuges- "strength" | ójas- "strength" | aoǰah "strength" |
| *haugrós "strong" | ugrá- "strong" | ugra- "strong" | ||||
| *gh | > | gh ~ h | g ~ ǰ | *dl̥hxghós "long" | dīrghá- "long" | darəga- "long" |
| *dlehxghistos "longest" | - | draǰišta- "longest" | ||||
| *kw | > | k ~ c | k ~ č | *kwós "who" | káḥ "who" | kō "who" |
| *kwe "and" | ca "and" | ́ča "and" | ||||
| *gw | > | g ~ j | g ~ ǰ | *gwou- "cow" | gav- "cow" | gau- "cow" |
| *gwih3uós "alive" | jīvá- "alive" | OPer: ǰīva
- "living" |
||||
| *gwh | > | gh ~ h | g ~ ǰ | *gwhnénti "strike" (pl.) | ghnánti "strike" (pl.) | - |
| *gwhénti "strikes" | hánti "strikes" | ǰainti "strikes" | ||||
| *s | > | s | s ~ h | *septm̥ "seven" | saptá "seven" | hapta "seven" |
| *asti "is" | asti "is" | asti "is" | ||||
| *i̥ | > | y | y | *i̥ugóm "yoke" | yuga'm "yoke" | yuga- "yoke" |
| *u̥ | > | v | v | *u̥éĝheti "drives, rides" | váhati "drives" | vazaiti "travels" |
| *m | > | m | m | *méhatēr "mother" | mātár- "mother" | mātar- "mother" |
| *n | > | n | n | *nos "us" | nas "us" | nō "us" |
| *l | > | l ~ r | r | *kweleti "moves" | carati "moves" | caraiti "moves" |
| *r | > | r | r | *bhrehatēr "brother" | bhrā́tār- "brother" | brātar- "brother |
| *n̥ | > | a | a | *n̥- "un-" | a- "un-" | a- "un-" |
| *m̥ | > | a | a | *k̂m̥tóm "hundred" | s'atám "hundred" | satəm "hundred" |
| *l̥ | > | r̥ | ərər | *u̥l̥kwos "wolf" | vĺ̥ka- "wolf" | vəhrka- "wolf" |
| *r̥ | > | r̥ | ərər | *k̂r̥d- "heart" | hŕ̥d- "heart" | zərəd- "heart" |
| *i | > | i | i | *linékwti "leaves" | riṇákti "leaves" | irinaxti "releases" |
| *e | > | a | a | *dék̂m̥ "ten" | dáśa "ten" | dasa "ten" |
| *ē | > | ā | ā | *hanḗr "man" | nā "man" | nā "man" |
| *a | > | a | a | *haéĝeti "drives" | ájati "drives" | azaiti "drives" |
| *ā | > | ā | ā | *méhatēr "mother" | mātā́ "mother" | mātar- "mother" |
| *o | > | a ~ ā | a ~ ā | *ĝómbhos "tooth, peg" | jā́mbha- "tooth, tusk" | - |
| *ĝónu "knee" | jānu "knee" | zānu- "knee" | ||||
| *ō | > | ā | ā | *dhohxneha- "grain" | dhānā́- "grain" | dāna- "grain" |
| *u | > | u | u | *iugóm "yoke" | yugám "yoke" | yuga- "yoke" |
| *ū | > | ū | ū | *mū́s "mouse" | mū́ṣ- "mouse" | NPer mūs "mouse" |
| *h1 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h1ésti "is" | ásti "is" | asti "is" |
| *h2 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h2r̥tk̂os "bear" | r̥'kṣa- "bear" | arəša- "bear" |
| *h3 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h3ókws(i) "eye" | ákṣi "eye" | aši "eye" |
| *h4 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h4órĝhis "testicle" | - | ərəzi- "testicle" |
| Proto-Indo-Iranian | Old Iranian (OP, Av) | Old Indic/Vedic Sanskrit |
|---|---|---|
| *aĉwa- ("horse") | Av, OP aspa | aśva |
| *bʰag- | OP baj- (bāji; "tribute") | bhag- (bhaga) |
| *bʰrātr- ("brother") | OP brātar | bhrātṛ |
| *bʰūmī ("earth", "land") | OP būmi | bhūmī |
| *martya ("mortal, "man") | OP martya | martya |
| *māsa ("moon") | OP māha | māsa |
| *wāsara ("early") | OP vāhara ("spring") | vāsara ("morning") |
| *ṛta ("truth") | Av aša, OP arta | ṛta |
| *draugʰ- ("falsehood") | Av druj, OP draug- | druh- |
| *sauma "pressed (juice)" | Av haoma | soma |
Read more about this topic: Proto-Indo-Iranian Language
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