Subsequent Sound Changes
Among the sound changes from Proto-Indo-Iranian to Indo-Aryan is the loss of the voiced sibilant *z, among those to Iranian is the de-aspiration of the PIE voiced aspirates.
PIE | OInd/VS | Av | PIE | OInd/VS | Av | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*p | > | p | p | *ph̥atēr "father" | pitā́ "father" | pitar- "father" |
*b | > | b | b | *bel- "strong" | bálam "strength" | - |
*bh | > | bh | b | *bhréhatēr "brother" | bhrā́tār- "brother" | brātar- "brother |
*t | > | t | t | *tuhxóm "thou" | tuvám "thou" | tvəm "thou" |
*d | > | d | d | *doru "wood" | dā́ru "wood" | dāru- "wood" |
*dh | > | dh | d | *dhohxneha- "grain" | dhānā́- "grain" | dāna- "grain" |
*k̂ | > | ś | s | *dék̂m̥ "ten" | dáśa "ten" | dasa "ten" |
*ĝ | > | j | z | *ĝónu "knee" | jā́nu "knee" | zānu- "knee" |
*ĝh | > | h | z | *ĝhimós "cold" | himá- "cold, frost" | zəmaka- "winterstorm" |
*k | > | k ~ c | x ~ č | *kruharós "bloody" | krūrá- "bloody" | xrūra- "bloody" |
*téket "may he run" | - | tačat̰ "may he run" | ||||
*g | > | g ~ j | g ~ ǰ | *haéuges- "strength" | ójas- "strength" | aoǰah "strength" |
*haugrós "strong" | ugrá- "strong" | ugra- "strong" | ||||
*gh | > | gh ~ h | g ~ ǰ | *dl̥hxghós "long" | dīrghá- "long" | darəga- "long" |
*dlehxghistos "longest" | - | draǰišta- "longest" | ||||
*kw | > | k ~ c | k ~ č | *kwós "who" | káḥ "who" | kō "who" |
*kwe "and" | ca "and" | ́ča "and" | ||||
*gw | > | g ~ j | g ~ ǰ | *gwou- "cow" | gav- "cow" | gau- "cow" |
*gwih3uós "alive" | jīvá- "alive" | OPer: ǰīva
- "living" |
||||
*gwh | > | gh ~ h | g ~ ǰ | *gwhnénti "strike" (pl.) | ghnánti "strike" (pl.) | - |
*gwhénti "strikes" | hánti "strikes" | ǰainti "strikes" | ||||
*s | > | s | s ~ h | *septm̥ "seven" | saptá "seven" | hapta "seven" |
*asti "is" | asti "is" | asti "is" | ||||
*i̥ | > | y | y | *i̥ugóm "yoke" | yuga'm "yoke" | yuga- "yoke" |
*u̥ | > | v | v | *u̥éĝheti "drives, rides" | váhati "drives" | vazaiti "travels" |
*m | > | m | m | *méhatēr "mother" | mātár- "mother" | mātar- "mother" |
*n | > | n | n | *nos "us" | nas "us" | nō "us" |
*l | > | l ~ r | r | *kweleti "moves" | carati "moves" | caraiti "moves" |
*r | > | r | r | *bhrehatēr "brother" | bhrā́tār- "brother" | brātar- "brother |
*n̥ | > | a | a | *n̥- "un-" | a- "un-" | a- "un-" |
*m̥ | > | a | a | *k̂m̥tóm "hundred" | s'atám "hundred" | satəm "hundred" |
*l̥ | > | r̥ | ərər | *u̥l̥kwos "wolf" | vĺ̥ka- "wolf" | vəhrka- "wolf" |
*r̥ | > | r̥ | ərər | *k̂r̥d- "heart" | hŕ̥d- "heart" | zərəd- "heart" |
*i | > | i | i | *linékwti "leaves" | riṇákti "leaves" | irinaxti "releases" |
*e | > | a | a | *dék̂m̥ "ten" | dáśa "ten" | dasa "ten" |
*ē | > | ā | ā | *hanḗr "man" | nā "man" | nā "man" |
*a | > | a | a | *haéĝeti "drives" | ájati "drives" | azaiti "drives" |
*ā | > | ā | ā | *méhatēr "mother" | mātā́ "mother" | mātar- "mother" |
*o | > | a ~ ā | a ~ ā | *ĝómbhos "tooth, peg" | jā́mbha- "tooth, tusk" | - |
*ĝónu "knee" | jānu "knee" | zānu- "knee" | ||||
*ō | > | ā | ā | *dhohxneha- "grain" | dhānā́- "grain" | dāna- "grain" |
*u | > | u | u | *iugóm "yoke" | yugám "yoke" | yuga- "yoke" |
*ū | > | ū | ū | *mū́s "mouse" | mū́ṣ- "mouse" | NPer mūs "mouse" |
*h1 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h1ésti "is" | ásti "is" | asti "is" |
*h2 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h2r̥tk̂os "bear" | r̥'kṣa- "bear" | arəša- "bear" |
*h3 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h3ókws(i) "eye" | ákṣi "eye" | aši "eye" |
*h4 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h4órĝhis "testicle" | - | ərəzi- "testicle" |
Proto-Indo-Iranian | Old Iranian (OP, Av) | Old Indic/Vedic Sanskrit |
---|---|---|
*aĉwa- ("horse") | Av, OP aspa | aśva |
*bʰag- | OP baj- (bāji; "tribute") | bhag- (bhaga) |
*bʰrātr- ("brother") | OP brātar | bhrātṛ |
*bʰūmī ("earth", "land") | OP būmi | bhūmī |
*martya ("mortal, "man") | OP martya | martya |
*māsa ("moon") | OP māha | māsa |
*wāsara ("early") | OP vāhara ("spring") | vāsara ("morning") |
*ṛta ("truth") | Av aša, OP arta | ṛta |
*draugʰ- ("falsehood") | Av druj, OP draug- | druh- |
*sauma "pressed (juice)" | Av haoma | soma |
Read more about this topic: Proto-Indo-Iranian Language
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