Phonetic Correspondences in Daughter Languages
The correlations among the Indo-European languages are for the most part straightforward, but there are some complications with the velar consonants. The languages divide into two groups, known as the Centum languages and Satem languages, based on the respective words for "hundred" in representative languages of each group (Latin and Avestan, respectively). Each group merges the PIE "plain velars" with one of the other two series, the Centum group merging "palatals" and "plain velars" while the Satem group merges labiovelars and "plain velars", removing the labialization in the process. The Satem group furthermore converts the "palatal" series into sibilant-type sounds. The following table summarizes the outcomes in the various daughters:
| PIE | *ḱ | *ǵ | *ǵʰ | *kʷ | *gʷ | *gʷʰ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | k | g | g | kw, p | b | gw |
| Italic | k | g | g, h | kw, p | gw, v, b | f, v |
| Venetic | k | g | h | kw | ? | ? |
| Hellenic | k | g | kh | p, t, k | b, d, g | ph, kh, th |
| Albanian | s, (k) | z, (g) | z, (d) | k, s | g, z | g, z |
| Illyrian | s | z | z | ? | ? | ? |
| Thracian | s | z | z | k, kh | g, k | g |
| Armenian | s | c | dz | kh | k | g |
| Phrygian | k | g | g, k | k | b | g |
| Germanic | h | k | g ~ ɣ | hw | kw | gw ~ w |
| Slavic | s | z | z | k | g | g |
| Baltic | š | ž | ž | k | g | g |
| Indic | ç | dž | h | k, č | g | gh |
| Iranian | s | z | z | k, č | g | g |
| Anatolian | k | g | g | kw | gw | gw |
| Tocharian | k | k | k | k, kw | k, kw | k, kw |
Read more about this topic: Proto-Indo-European Phonology
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