Cardinal Numbers
The cardinal numbers are reconstructed as follows:
Number | Reconstruction (Sihler) | Reconstruction (Beekes) |
---|---|---|
one | *Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem- | *Hoi(H)nos |
two | *d(u)wo- | *duoh₁ |
three | *trei- (full grade) / *tri- (zero grade) | *treies |
four | *kʷetwor- (o-grade) / *kʷetur- (zero grade) (see also the kʷetwóres rule) |
*kʷetuōr |
five | *penkʷe | *penkʷe |
six | *s(w)eḱs; originally perhaps *weḱs | *(s)uéks |
seven | *septm̥ | *séptm |
eight | *oḱtō, *oḱtou or *h₃eḱtō, *h₃eḱtou | *h₃eḱteh₃ |
nine | *(h₁)newn̥ | *(h₁)néun |
ten | *deḱm̥(t) | *déḱmt |
twenty | *wīḱm̥t-; originally perhaps *widḱomt- | *duidḱmti |
thirty | *trīḱomt-; originally perhaps *tridḱomt- | *trih₂dḱomth₂ |
forty | *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-; originally perhaps *kʷetwr̥dḱomt- | *kʷeturdḱomth₂ |
fifty | *penkʷēḱomt-; originally perhaps *penkʷedḱomt- | *penkʷedḱomth₂ |
sixty | *s(w)eḱsḱomt-; originally perhaps *weḱsdḱomt- | *ueksdḱomth₂ |
seventy | *septm̥̄ḱomt-; originally perhaps *septm̥dḱomt- | *septmdḱomth₂ |
eighty | *oḱtō(u)ḱomt-; originally perhaps *h₃eḱto(u)dḱomt- | *h₃eḱth₃dḱomth₂ |
ninety | *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-; originally perhaps *h₁newn̥dḱomt- | *h₁neundḱomth₂ |
hundred | *ḱm̥tom; originally perhaps *dḱm̥tom | *dḱmtóm |
thousand | *ǵʰeslo-; *tusdḱomti (originally "a massive number") | *ǵʰes-l- |
Other reconstructions typically differ only slightly from Beekes and Sihler. A nineteenth century reconstruction (by Brugmann) for thousand is *tūsḱmtiə. See also Fortson 2004.
The elements *-dḱomt- (in the numerals "twenty" to "ninety") and *dḱm̥t- (in "hundred") are reconstructed on the assumption that these numerals are derivatives of *deḱm̥(t) "ten".
Lehmann believes that the numbers greater than ten were constructed separately in the dialects groups and that *ḱm̥tóm originally meant "a large number" rather than specifically "one hundred."
Read more about this topic: Proto-Indo-European Numerals
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