Consonant Correspondences
The following table shows consonant correspondences in Afroasiatic languages, along with some reconstructed consonants for Proto-Afroasiatic.
| Proto-Afroasiatic | Proto-Semitic | Egyptian | Berber | East Cushitic | West Chadic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *b | *b | b | *β, ? *b, *-∅- | *b | *b, *ḅ1 |
| *p | *p | p | *f, ? *b | *p | *p, *f, *ḅ1 |
| *f | f | f | |||
| *d | *d | d | *d | *d | *d, *ḍ1 |
| *t | *t | t | *t | *t | *t |
| *ṭ | *ṭ | d(~t) | *ḍ / *ṭ (→ *ṭṭ ) | *ṭ (→ *ḍ) | *ḍ |
| *ð | ?? d | *z | *z | *dʒ | |
| *θ | s, ?? š | *s | *s1(=*s) | ||
| *θ̣ | ḏ- | *ẓ | South Cushitic *ṭṣ |
||
| *z | z | *z | *z | *dz | |
| *s | *s | s | *s- ? | s2- | *ts |
| *ṣ | ḏ | *ẓ | *ṭṣ | *ṭṣ | |
| *š (*s2) | s | *s | *s2(=*š) | s, Central Chadic: *s, *ɬ |
|
| *ś (*s3) | š, ? s | *s, *z- | *l, SCush. *ɬ |
*ɬ, *ɮ | |
| *ṣ́ (*ṣ3) | ḏ, ? d- | *s1 ?, SCush. *ṭɬ̣ |
-*ṭɬ̣- | ||
| *g | g, ḏ | *g | *g | *g | |
| *k | k, ṯ | *k, ? *ɣ | *k | *k | |
| *ḳ | q, ḏ | *ɣ, ? *ḳ (→ *ḳḳ ) | |||
| *ɣ | χ-, ʕ- ? | *h2 | *ʕ | ||
| *χ | χ, ẖ, ħ | *H- | *h-, *-Ø- | *-H-? | |
| *ʕ | ʕ | *H- | *ʕ-, *-Ø-ʔ | ||
| *ħ | ħ | *H- | *ħ-, *-Øː- | ||
| *h | ı͗- | *h1, *h2 | *ʔ- | ||
| *ʔ | ı͗, ? ꜣ | *ʔ | *ʔ, -Ø- | *ʔ | |
| *r | ꜣ, r | *r | -*r- | *r | |
| *l | n-, r, ꜣ | *l | -*l- | *l | |
| *w | w-, ı͗, y | *w, *Ø | *w, *Ø | *w-? | |
| *y | ı͗-, y-, -Ø- | *y, *i, *Ø | *y, *i, *Ø | *y, *Ø | |
| Proto-Afroasiatic | PS | Egyptian | Berber | East Cushitic | West Chadic |
- under special conditions
NOTE:
- š = /ʃ/
- Symbols with dots underneath are emphatic consonants (variously glottalized, ejective or pharyngealized).
- Transcription of Ancient Egyptian follows Allen (2000); see Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian. The following are possible values for the non-IPA symbols used for Ancient Egyptian: ẖ = ; ṯ = or ; ḏ = or, or ejective or .
Read more about this topic: Proto-Afroasiatic Language