Properties of Common Solvents
The solvents are grouped into non-polar, polar aprotic, and polar protic solvents and ordered by increasing polarity. The polarity is given as the dielectric constant. The properties of solvents that exceed those of water are bolded.
| Solvent | Chemical Formula | Boiling point | Dielectric constant | Density | Dipole moment (D) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Polar Solvents | |||||
| Hexane | CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 | 69 °C | 2.0 | 0.655 g/ml | 0.00 D |
| Benzene | C6H6 | 80 °C | 2.3 | 0.879 g/ml | 0.00 D |
| Toluene | C6H5-CH3 | 111 °C | 2.4 | 0.867 g/ml | 0.36 D |
| 1,4-Dioxane | /-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-\ | 101 °C | 2.3 | 1.033 g/ml | 0.45 D |
| Chloroform | CHCl3 | 61 °C | 4.8 | 1.498 g/ml | 1.04 D |
| Diethyl ether | CH3CH2-O-CH2-CH3 | 35 °C | 4.3 | 0.713 g/ml | 1.15 D |
| Dichloromethane (DCM) | CH2Cl2 | 40 °C | 9.1 | 1.3266 g/ml | 1.60 D |
| Polar Aprotic Solvents | |||||
| tetrahydrofuran (THF) | /-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-\ | 66 °C | 7.5 | 0.886 g/mL | 1.75 D |
| ethyl acetate (EtOAc) | CH3-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH3 | 77 °C | 6.0 | 0.894 g/mL | 1.78 D |
| acetone | CH3-C(=O)-CH3 | 56 °C | 21 | 0.786 g/mL | 2.88 D |
| dimethylformamide (DMF) | H-C(=O)N(CH3)2 | 153 °C | 38 | 0.944 g/ml | 3.82 D |
| acetonitrile (MeCN) | CH3-C≡N | 82 °C | 37 | 0.786 g/ml | 3.92 D |
| dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) | CH3-S(=O)-CH3 | 189 °C | 47 | 1.092 g/ml | 3.96 D |
| Polar Protic Solvents | |||||
| formic acid | H-C(=O)OH | 101 °C | 58 | 1.21 g/ml | 1.41 D |
| n-butanol | CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH | 118 °C | 18 | 0.810 g/ml | 1.63 D |
| isopropanol (IPA) | CH3-CH(-OH)-CH3 | 82 °C | 18 | 0.785 g/ml | 1.66 D |
| nitromethane | CH3-NO2> | 100–103 °C | 35.87 | 1.1371 g/mL | 3.56 D |
| ethanol (EtOH) | CH3-CH2-OH | 79 °C | 30 | 0.789 g/ml | 1.69 D |
| methanol (MeOH) | CH3-OH | 65 °C | 33 | 0.791 g/ml | 1.70 D |
| Acetic acid (AcOH) | CH3-C(=O)OH | 118 °C | 6.2 | 1.049 g/ml | 1.74 D |
| Water | H-O-H | 100 °C | 80 | 1.000 g/ml | 1.85 D |
Read more about this topic: Protic Solvent
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