Pfeffer is a German surname meaning "pepper" and may refer to:
- Anna Pfeffer (born 1946), Hungarian Olympic medalist sprint canoer
- Anton Pfeffer (born 1965), Austrian footballer
- Franz Pfeffer von Salomon (1888-1968), first commander of the SA
- Fred Pfeffer (1860-1932), American baseball player
- Fritz Pfeffer (1889-1944), Nazi victim
- Georg Johann Pfeffer (1854-1931), German zoologist
- Jeffrey Pfeffer, Thomas D. Dee II Professor of Organizational Behavior
- Washek Pfeffer (born 1936), Czech/US mathematician
- Wilhelm Pfeffer (1845-1920), German botanist
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