Phonology
Kuɬaɬau Paiwan has 23–24 consonants (/h/ is found only in loanwords, and /ʔ/ is uncommon) and 4 vowels (Ferrell 1982:7). Unlike many other Formosan languages that have merged many Proto-Austronesian phonemes, Paiwan preserves most Proto-Austronesian phonemes and is thus highly important for reconstruction purposes.
The four Paiwan vowels are /i ə a u/. /ə/ is written e in the literature.
labial | alveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
plosive | p b | t d | ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q | ʔ |
affricate | ts | ||||||
fricative | v | s z | (h) | ||||
trill | r | ||||||
approximant | w | l ɬ | j |
labial | alveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
plosive | p b | t d | ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q | ʔ |
affricate | ts ~ tʃ | ||||||
fricative | v | s z | (h) | ||||
trill~ fricative |
r ~ ɣ | ||||||
approximant | ʋ | ɭ | ʎ j |
In Northern Paiwan the palatal consonants have been lost, though this is recent and a few conservative speakers maintain them as allophonic variants (not as distinct phonemes). /ʔ/ is robust, unlike in other Paiwan dialects where its status is uncertain, as it derives from *q.
labial | alveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
plosive | p b | t d | ɖ | k ɡ | ʔ | |
affricate | ts | |||||
fricative | v | s z | (h) | |||
trill~ fricative |
r | |||||
approximant | w | l~ʎ | ɭ | j |
labial | alveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
plosive | p b | t d | ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q | ʔ |
affricate | ts | ||||||
fricative | v | s z | ɣ ~ r | (h) | |||
approximant | w | ɭ | ʎ j |
Younger speakers tend to pronounce /ʎ/ as . Fricative is characteristic of Mudan village; elsewhere is Southern Paiwan it tends to be a trill, though it still varies . Word-initial *k has become /ʔ/.
Read more about this topic: Paiwan Language