History
When laser cooling was proposed in 1975, a theoretical limit on the lowest possible temperature was predicted. Known as the Doppler Limit, this was given by the lowest possible temperature attainable considering the cooling of two-level atoms by Doppler cooling and the heating of atoms due to momentum diffusion from the scattering of laser photons. Here, is the natural line-width of the atomic transition, is Planck's constant and, is Boltzmann's constant.
Experiments at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, found the temperature of cooled atoms to be well below the theoretical limit. Initially, it was a surprise to theorists, until the full explanation came out.
Read more about this topic: Optical Molasses
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—Norman Mailer (b. 1923)
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—Ishmael Reed (b. 1938)
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—Eugène Ionesco (b. 1912)