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Ghazwah (expeditions where he took part)
- Caravan Raids
- Waddan
- Buwat
- Safwan
- Dul Ashir
- 1st Badr
- Kudr
- Sawiq
- Qaynuqa
- Ghatafan
- Bahran
- Uhud
- Al-Asad
- Nadir
- Invasion of Nejd
- 2nd Badr
- 1st Jandal
- Trench
- Qurayza
- 2nd Lahyan
- Mustaliq
- Hudaybiyyah
- Khaybar
- Conquest of Fidak
- 3rd Qura
- Dhat al-Riqa
- Baqra
- Mecca
- Hunayn
- Autas
- Ta'if
- Tabouk
Sariyyah (expeditions which he ordered)
- Nakhla
- Nejd
- 1st Asad
- 1st Lahyan
- Al Raji
- Umayyah
- Bir Maona
- Assassination of Abu Rafi
- Maslamah
- 2nd Asad
- 1st Thalabah
- 2nd Thalabah
- Dhu Qarad
- Jumum
- Al-Is
- 3rd Thalabah
- Hisma
- 1st Qura
- 2nd Jandal
- 1st Ali
- 2nd Qura
- Uraynah
- Rawaha
- Umar
- Abu Bakr
- Murrah
- Uwal
- 3rd Fadak
- Yemen
- Sulaym
- Kadid
- Banu Layth
- Amir
- Dhat Atlah
- Mu'tah
- Amr
- Abu Ubaidah
- Abi Hadrad
- Edam
- Khadirah
- 1st Khalid ibn Walid
- Demolition of Suwa
- Demolition of Manat
- 2nd Khalid ibn Walid
- Demolition of Yaghuth
- 1st Autas
- 2nd Autas
- Banu Tamim
- Banu Khatham
- Banu Kilab
- Jeddah
- 3rd Ali
- Udhrah
- 3rd Khalid ibn Walid
- 4th Khalid ibn Walid
- Abu Sufyan
- Jurash
- 5th Khalid ibn Walid
- 2nd Ali
- 3rd Ali
- Dhul Khalasa
- Army of Usama (Final Expedition)
Economically uprooted by their Meccan persecutors and with no available profession, the Muslim migrants turned to raiding Meccan caravans to respond to their persecution and to provide sustenance for their Muslim families, thus initiating armed conflict between the Muslims and the pagan Quraysh of Mecca. Muhammad delivered Qur'anic verses permitting the Muslims, "those who have been expelled from their homes", to fight the Meccans in opposition to persecution (see Qur'an Sura 22 (Al-Hajj) Ayat 39-40). These attacks provoked and pressured Mecca by interfering with trade, and allowed the Muslims to acquire wealth, power and prestige while working toward their ultimate goal of inducing Mecca's submission to the new faith.
In March 624, Muhammad led some three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Muslims set an ambush for the Meccans at Badr. Aware of the plan, the Meccan caravan eluded the Muslims. Meanwhile a force from Mecca was sent to protect the caravan. The force did not return home upon hearing that the caravan was safe. The battle of Badr began in March 624. Though outnumbered more than three to one, the Muslims won the battle, killing at least forty-five Meccans and taking seventy prisoners for ransom; only fourteen Muslims died. They had also succeeded in killing many of the Meccan leaders, including Abu Jahl. Muhammad himself did not fight, directing the battle from a nearby hut alongside Abu Bakr. In the weeks following the battle, Meccans visited Medina in order to ransom captives from Badr. Many of these had belonged to wealthy families, and were likely ransomed for a considerable sum. Those captives who were not sufficiently influential or wealthy were usually freed without ransom. Muhammad's decision was that those prisoners who refused to end their persecution of Muslims and were wealthy but did not ransom themselves should be killed. Muhammad ordered the immediate execution of two Quraysh men without entertaining offers for their release. Both men, which included Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt, had personally attempted to kill Muhammad in Mecca. The raiders had won much booty, and the battle helped to stabilize the Medinan community. Muhammad and his followers saw in the victory a confirmation of their faith and a prime importance in the affairs of Medina. Those remaining pagans in Medina were very bitter about the advance of Islam. In particular Asma bint Marwan and Abu 'Afak had composed verses insulting some of the Muslims and thereby violated the Constitution of Medina to which they belonged. These two were assassinated and Muhammad did not disapprove of it. No one dared to take vengeance on them, and some of the members of the clan of Asma bint Marwan who had previously converted to Islam in secret, now professed openly. This marked an end to the overt opposition to Muhammad among the pagans in Medina.
Muhammad expelled from Medina the Banu Qaynuqa, one of the three main Jewish tribes. Jewish opposition "may well have been for political as well as religious reasons". On religious grounds, the Jews were skeptical of the possibility of a non-Jewish prophet, and also had concerns about possible incompatibilities between the Qur'an and their own scriptures. The Qur'an's response regarding the possibility of a non-Jew being a prophet was that Abraham was not a Jew. The Qur'an also stated that it was "restoring the pure monotheism of Abraham which had been corrupted in various, clearly specified, ways by Jews and Christians". According to Francis Edwards Peters, "The Jews also began secretly to connive with Muhammad's enemies in Mecca to overthrow him."
Following the battle of Badr, Muhammad also made mutual-aid alliances with a number of Bedouin tribes to protect his community from attacks from the northern part of Hejaz. Read more about this topic: Muhammad In Medina
Famous quotes containing the words beginnings of, beginnings, armed and/or conflict:
“When the beginnings of self-destruction enter the heart it seems no bigger than a grain of sand.”
—John Cheever (1912–1982)
“When the beginnings of self-destruction enter the heart it seems no bigger than a grain of sand.”
—John Cheever (1912–1982)
“Superstition, bigotry and prejudice, ghosts though they are, cling tenaciously to life; they are shades armed with tooth and claw. They must be grappled with unceasingly, for it is a fateful part of human destiny that it is condemned to wage perpetual war against ghosts. A shade is not easily taken by the throat and destroyed.”
—Victor Hugo (1802–1885)
“Often, when there is a conflict between parent and child, at its very hub is an expectation that the child should be acting differently. Sometimes these expectations run counter what is known about children’s growth. They stem from remembering oneself, but usually at a slightly older age.”
—Ellen Galinsky (20th century)
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