Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of mitral stenosis include:
- Heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
- Palpitations
- Chest pain
- Hemoptysis
- Thromboembolism in later stages when the left atrial volume is increased (i.e. dilation). The latter leads to increase risk of atrial fibrillation of which increases the risk of blood stasis (motionless). This increases the risk of coagulation.
- Ascites and edema and hepatomegaly (if right-sided heart failure develops)
Symptoms increase with exercise and pregnancy
- Fatigue
- wasting (weakness)
Read more about this topic: Mitral Stenosis
Famous quotes containing the words signs and, signs and/or symptoms:
“For Jews demand signs and Greeks desire wisdom, but we proclaim Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and foolishness to Gentiles...”
—Bible: New Testament, 1 Corinthians 1:22-3.
“[Christianity] endeavors equally to establish these two things: that God has set up in the Church visible signs to make himself known to those who should seek him sincerely, and that he has nevertheless so disguised them that he will only be perceived by those who seek him with all their heart.”
—Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)
“Social movements are at once the symptoms and the instruments of progress. Ignore them and statesmanship is irrelevant; fail to use them and it is weak.”
—Walter Lippmann (1889–1974)