Later Examples
In the 20th century, after having been mostly overlooked for centuries, menippean satire has significantly influenced postmodern literature. Contemporary scholars including Frye classify the following works as Menippean satires:
- François Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel (1564)
- John Barclay, Euphormionis Satyricon (1605)
- Joseph Hall, Mundus Alter et Idem (1605)
- Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621)
- Jonathan Swift, A Tale of a Tub and Gulliver's Travels
- Voltaire, Candide (1759)
- William Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1794)
- Thomas Love Peacock, Nightmare Abbey (1818)
- Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus
- Charles Kingsley, The Water-Babies
- Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland
- Aldous Huxley, Point Counter Point (1928)
- James Joyce, Finnegan's Wake (1939)
- Flann O'Brien, At Swim-Two-Birds (1939)
- Thomas Pynchon, Gravity's Rainbow (1973)
- Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1979)
Marshall McLuhan also made extensive use of Menippean satire, as he himself suggested: “Most of my writing is Menippean satire, presenting the actual surface of the world we live in as a ludicrous image.”
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