Versions
In its simplest form, a logic model has four components:
| Inputs | Activities | Outputs | Outcomes/impacts |
|---|---|---|---|
| what resources go into a program | what activities the program undertakes | what is produced through those activities | the changes or benefits that result from the program |
| e.g. money, staff, equipment | e.g. development of materials, training programs | e.g. number of booklet produced, workshops held, people trained | e.g. increased skills/ knowledge/ confidence, leading in longer-term to promotion, new job, etc. |
Following the early development of the logic model in the 1970s by Carol Weiss, Joseph Wholey and others, many refinements and variations have been added to the basic concept. Many versions of logic models set out a series of outcomes/impacts, explaining in more detail the logic of how an intervention contributes to intended or observed results. This will often include distinguishing between short-term, medium-term and long-term results, and between direct and indirect results.
Some logic models also include assumptions, which are beliefs the prospective grantees have about the program, the people involved, and the context and the way the prospective grantees think the program will work, and external factors, consisting of the environment in which the program exists, including a variety of external factors that interact with and influence the program action.
University Cooperative Extension Programs in the US have developed a more elaborate logic model, called the Program Action Logic Model, which includes six steps:
- Inputs (what we invest)
- Outputs:
- Activities (the actual tasks we do)
- Participation (who we serve; customers & stakeholders)
- Outcomes/Impacts:
- Short Term (learning: awareness, knowledge, skills, motivations)
- Medium Term (action: behavior, practice, decisions, policies)
- Long Term (consequences: social, economic, environmental etc.)
In front of Inputs, there is a description of a Situation and Priorities. These are the considerations that determine what Inputs will be needed.
The University of Wisconsin Extension offers a series of guidance documents on the use of logic models. There is also an extensive bibliography of work on this program logic model.
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