Hypertension
Hypertension can result from a multitude of alterations to blood volume, heart or kidney function. Hypertension involving a high heart rate can lead to myocardial ischemia . Penbutolol acts by blocking β adrenergic receptors and blocking the sympathetic nervous system to decrease the heart rate and cardiac output to lower arterial blood pressure. β blockers also decrease renin levels, which ultimately results in less water being reabsorbed by the kidneys and therefore a lower blood volume and blood pressure .
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