Middle East
- Abbasid Caliphate - Al-Mu'tamid, Caliph (870–892)
- Byzantine Empire - Basil I the Macedonian (Βασίλειος Α'), (867–886)
- Sistan - Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar, Saffarid Emir of Sistan (867–879)
- Transoxiana - Nasr I ibn Ahmad, Samanid Emir of Transoxiana (864–892)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 878
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“During the first formative centuries of its existence, Christianity was separated from and indeed antagonistic to the state, with which it only later became involved. From the lifetime of its founder, Islam was the state, and the identity of religion and government is indelibly stamped on the memories and awareness of the faithful from their own sacred writings, history, and experience.”
—Bernard Lewis, U.S. Middle Eastern specialist. Islam and the West, ch. 8, Oxford University Press (1993)
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“A puff of wind, a puff faint and tepid and laden with strange odours of blossoms, of aromatic wood, comes out the still night—the first sigh of the East on my face. That I can never forget. It was impalpable and enslaving, like a charm, like a whispered promise of mysterious delight.... The mysterious East faced me, perfumed like a flower, silent like death, dark like a grave.”
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