List of State Leaders in 1945 - Europe

Europe

• Albania
  • Communist Party Leader - Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labor (1944–1985)
  • Head of State - Omer Nishani, Chairman of the Presidium of the Antifascist Council of National Liberation of Albania (1944–1953)
  • Premier - Enver Hoxha, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania (1944–1954)

• Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince - Charles de Gaulle, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1944–1946)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Ramon Iglesias i Navarri, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1943–1969)
  • First Syndic - Francesc Cairat Freixes, First Syndic of Andorra (1937–1960)

• Austria (under Allied occupation)
  • was declared to be independent from the Greater German Reich on 27 April 1945
  • President - Karl Renner, Federal President of Austria (1945–1950)
  • Chancellor -
    1. Karl Renner, Chancellor of Austria (1945)
    2. Leopold Figl, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1945–1953)
  • American military governor - Mark W. Clark (1945–1947)
  • British military governor - Sir Richard McCreery (1945–1946)
  • French military governor - Antoine Béthouart (1945–1950)
  • Soviet military governor - Ivan Konev (1945–1946)

• Belgium
  • Monarch - Leopold III, King of the Belgians (1934–1951)
  • Regent - Prince Charles, Regent of Belgium (1944–1950)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Hubert Pierlot, Prime Minister of Belgium (1939–1945)
    2. Achille van Acker, Prime Minister of Belgium (1945–1946)

• Bulgaria
  • Monarch - Simeon II, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1943–1946)
  • Regents - Venelin Ganev + Todor Pavlov + Tsvetko Boboshevski, Regents of Bulgaria (1944–1946)
  • Premier - Kimon Georgiev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1944–1946)

• Czechoslovakia
  • Czechoslovakia reconstituted on 3 April 1945 after the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia seceded from the Greater German Reich
  • President -
    1. Emil Hácha, State President of Bohemia and Moravia (1938–1945)
    2. Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia (1945–1948)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Jaroslav Krejčí, Prime Minister of Bohemia and Moravia (1942–1945)
    2. Richard Bienert, Prime Minister of Bohemia and Moravia (1945)
    3. Zdeněk Fierlinger, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1945–1946)
  • German Governor - Wilhelm Frick, Reichsprotektor of Bohemia and Moravia (1943–1945)
  • Slovak State (partially recognized occupied state)
    • ceased to exist on 4 April 1945
    • President - Jozef Tiso, President of Slovakia (1939–1945)
    • Prime Minister - Štefan Tiso, Prime Minister of Slovakia (1943–1945)

• Denmark
  • regained independence with the German surrender in May 1945
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Erik Scavenius, Prime Minister of Denmark (1942–1945)
    2. Vilhelm Buhl, Prime Minister of Denmark (1945)
    3. Knud Kristensen, Prime Minister of Denmark (1945–1947)
  • German Military Governor - Werner Best, Reichskommissar in Denmark (1942–1945)

• Finland
  • President - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, President of Finland (1944–1946)
  • Prime Minister - Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Prime Minister of Finland (1944–1946)

• France
  • Head of State - Charles de Gaulle, Chairman of the Provisional Government of France (1944–1946)

• Germany (under Allied occupation)
  • the Greater German Reich was occupied in May 1945
  • Head of State -
    1. Adolf Hitler, Führer of Germany (1934–1945)
    2. Karl Dönitz, President of Germany (1945)
  • Chancellor -
    1. Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany (1933–1945)
    2. Joseph Goebbels, Chancellor of Germany (1945)
    3. Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, Leading Minister of Germany (1945)
  • American Zone
    • Military Governor - Joseph T. McNarney, Military Governor of the US Occupation Zone of Germany (1945–1947)
  • British Zone
    • Military Governor - Bernard Montgomery, Military Governor of the British Occupation Zone of Germany (1945–1946)
  • French Zone
    • Military Governor - Marie Pierre Kœnig, Military Governor of the French Occupation Zone of Germany (1945–1949)
  • Soviet Zone
    • Military Governor - Georgy Zhukov, Military Governor of the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany (1945–1946)

• Greece
  • Monarch - George II, King of the Hellenes (1935–1947)
  • Regent - Archbishop Damaskinos, Regent of Greece (1944–1946)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Georgios Papandreou, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1944–1945)
    2. Nikolaos Plastiras, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1945)
    3. Petros Voulgaris, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1945)
    4. Archbishop Damaskinos, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1945)
    5. Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1945)
    6. Themistoklis Sophoulis, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1945–1946)

• Hungary
  • with the collapse of the Hungarian State in May 1945, the country reverted to the Kingdom of Hungary
  • Head of State -
    1. Ferenc Szálasi, Leader of the Nation of Hungary (1944–1945)
    2. High National Council, Head of State of Hungary (1945–1946)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Ferenc Szálasi, Leader of the Nation of Hungary (1944–1945)
    2. Béla Miklós, Prime Minister of Hungary (alternative government in Debrecen) (1944–1945)
    3. Zoltán Tildy, Prime Minister of Hungary (1945–1946)

• Iceland
  • President - Sveinn Björnsson, President of Iceland (1944–1952)
  • Prime Minister - Ólafur Thors, Prime Minister of Iceland (1944–1947)

• Ireland
  • Monarch - George VI, King of Ireland (1936–1949)
  • President -
    1. Douglas Hyde, President of Ireland (1938–1945)
    2. Seán T. O'Kelly, President of Ireland (1945–1959)
  • Prime Minister - Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach of Ireland (1932–1948)

• Italy
  • Monarch - Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Ivanoe Bonomi, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1944–1945)
    2. Ferruccio Parri, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1945)
    3. Alcide De Gasperi, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1945–1946)
  • Salò Republic (Italian Social Republic) (unrecognized, occupied state)
    • ceased to exist on 25 April 1945
    • Head of State - Benito Mussolini, Provisional Head of State of the Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)

• Liechtenstein
  • Monarch - Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Josef Hoop, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1928–1945)
    2. Alexander Frick, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1945–1962)

• Luxembourg
  • Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)
  • Prime Minister - Pierre Dupong, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1937–1953)

• Monaco
  • Monarch - Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government - Pierre de Witasse, Minister of State of Monaco (1944–1948)

• Netherlands
  • regained independence with the collapse of Reichskommissariat Niederlande in May 1945
  • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1940–1945)
    2. Wim Schermerhorn, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1945–1946)
  • German Military Governor - Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Reichskommissar in the Netherlands (1940–1945)

• Norway
  • regained independence in May 1945 with the collapse of the Reichskommissariat Norwegen
  • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Vidkun Quisling, Minister President of Norway (National Government) (1942–1945)
    2. Johan Nygaardsvold, Prime Minister of Norway (in exile) (1935–1945)
    3. Einar Gerhardsen, Prime Minister of Norway (1945–1951)
  • German Military Governor -
    1. Josef Terboven, Reichskommissar in Norway (1940–1945)
    2. Franz Böhme, Reichskommissar in Norway (1945)

• Poland
  • Communist Party Leader - Władysław Gomułka, First Secretary of the Central Committee of Polish United Workers' Party (1943–1948)
  • Head of State - Bolesław Bierut, President of the Presidium of the Popular Council of Poland (1944–1952)
  • Premier - Edward Osóbka-Morawski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1944–1947)

• Portugal
  • President - Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1926–1951)
  • Prime Minister - António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal (1932–1968)

• Romania
  • Monarch - Michael, King of the Romanians (1940–1947)
  • Premier -
    1. Nicolae Rădescu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1944–1945)
    2. Petru Groza, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1945–1952)

• San Marino
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Teodoro Lonfernini and Leonida Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1944–1945)
    2. Alvaro Casali and Vittorio Valentini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1945)
    3. Ferruccio Martelli and Secondo Fiorini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1945–1946)

• Soviet Union
  • Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
  • Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1922–1946)
  • Premier - Joseph Stalin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953)

• Spain
  • Head of State - Francisco Franco, Head of State of Spain (1936–1975)
  • Prime Minister - Francisco Franco, President of the Government of Spain (1938–1973)

• Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Per Albin Hansson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1936–1946)

• Switzerland
  • Swiss Federal Council:

    Philipp Etter (1934–1959), Walther Stampfli (1940–1947), Enrico Celio (1940–1950), Eduard von Steiger (1940–1951), Karl Kobelt (1940–1954, President), Ernst Nobs (1943–1951), Max Petitpierre (1944–1961)

• United Kingdom
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the United Kingdom (1936–1952)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1940–1945)
    2. Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1945–1951)

• Vatican City
  • Monarch - Pope Pius XII, Sovereign of Vatican City (1939–1958)
  • Governor - Camillo Serafini, Governor of Vatican City (1929–1952)
  • President of the Governorate - Nicola Canali, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1939–1961)

• Yugoslavia
  • the monarchy was abolished on 29 November 1945
  • Monarch - Peter II, King of Yugoslavia (1934–1945)
  • Regents - Srdjan Budisavljević + Ante Mandić + Dušan Sernec
  • Communist Party leader - Josip Broz Tito, General Secretary of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1945–1980)
  • Head of State - Ivan Ribar, President of the Presidency of the People's Assembly of Yugoslavia (1945–1953)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Ivan Šubašić, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1944–1945)
    2. Drago Marušič, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1945)
    3. Josip Broz Tito, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1945–1963)
  • Independent State of Croatia (partially recognized occupied state)
    • ceased to exist in May 1945
    • Head of State - Ante Pavelić, Leader of Croatia (1943–1945)
    • Prime Minister - Nikola Mandić, Prime Minister of Croatia (1943–1945)