List of State Leaders in 1931 - Europe

Europe

• Albania
  • Monarch - Zog, King of the Albanians (1925–1939)
  • Prime Minister - Pandeli Evangjeli, Prime Minister of Albania (1930–1935)

• Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince -
      1. Gaston Doumergue, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1924–1931)
      2. Paul Doumer, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1931–1932)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1940)
  • First Syndic - Roc Pallares, First Syndic of Andorra (1928–1933)

• Austria
  • President - Wilhelm Miklas, Federal President of Austria (1928–1938)
  • Chancellor -
    1. Otto Ender, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1930–1931)
    2. Karl Buresch, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1931–1932)

• Belgium
  • Monarch - Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Henri Jaspar, Prime Minister of Belgium (1926–1931)
    2. Jules Renkin, Prime Minister of Belgium (1931–1932)

• Bulgaria
  • Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
  • Premier -
    1. Andrey Lyapchev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1926–1931)
    2. Aleksandar Malinov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1931)
    3. Nikola Mushanov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1931–1934)

• Czechoslovakia
  • President - Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia (1918–1935)
  • Prime Minister - František Udržal, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1929–1932)

• Danzig (free city under League of Nations protection)
  • High Commissioner - Manfredi conte di Gravina dei principi di Ramacca, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1929–1932)
  • Head of State -
    1. Heinrich Sahm, President of the Senate of Danzig (1920–1931)
    2. Ernst Ziehm, President of the Senate of Danzig (1931–1933)

• Denmark
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (1929–1942)

• Estonia
  • Head of State -
    1. Otto Strandman, State Elder of Estonia (1929–1931)
    2. Konstantin Päts, State Elder of Estonia (1931–1932)

• Finland
  • President -
    1. Lauri Kristian Relander, President of Finland (1925–1931)
    2. Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, President of Finland (1931–1937)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Prime Minister of Finland (1930–1931)
    2. Juho Sunila, Prime Minister of Finland (1931–1932)

• France
  • President -
    1. Gaston Doumergue, President of France (1924–1931)
    2. Paul Doumer, President of France (1931–1932)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Théodore Steeg, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1930–1931)
    2. Pierre Laval, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1931–1932)

• Germany
  • President - Paul von Hindenburg, President of Germany (1925–1934)
  • Chancellor - Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor of Germany (1930–1932)

• Greece
  • President - Alexandros Zaimis, President of Greece (1929–1935)
  • Prime Minister - Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece (1928–1932)

• Hungary
  • Head of State - Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Count István Bethlen, Prime Minister of Hungary (1921–1931)
    2. Count Gyula Károlyi, Prime Minister of Hungary (1931–1932)

• Iceland
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Tryggvi Þórhallsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1927–1932)

• Ireland
  • Monarch - George V, King of Ireland (1922–1936)
  • Governor-General - James McNeill, Governor-General of Ireland (1928–1932)
  • Head of Government - W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council of Ireland (1922–1932)

• Italy
  • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  • Prime Minister - Benito Mussolini, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1922–1943)

• Latvia
  • President - Alberts Kviesis, President of Latvia (1930–1936)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Hugo Celmiņš, Prime Minister of Latvia (1928–1931)
    2. Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia (1931)
    3. Marģers Skujenieks, Prime Minister of Latvia (1931–1933)

• Liechtenstein
  • Monarch - Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (1929–1938)
  • Head of Government - Josef Hoop, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1928–1945)

• Lithuania
  • President - Antanas Smetona, President of Lithuania (1926–1940)
  • Prime Minister - Juozas Tūbelis, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1929–1938)

• Luxembourg
  • Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)
  • Prime Minister - Joseph Bech, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1926–1937)

• Monaco
  • Monarch - Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government - Maurice Piette, Minister of State of Monaco (1923–1932)

• Netherlands
  • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)
  • Prime Minister - Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1929–1933)

• Norway
  • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Prime Minister of Norway (1928–1931)
    2. Peder Kolstad, Prime Minister of Norway (1931–1932)

• Poland
  • De facto Head of State - Józef Piłsudski, de facto ruler of Poland (1926–1935)
  • President - Ignacy Mościcki, President of Poland (1926–1939)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Walery Sławek, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1930–1931)
    2. Aleksander Prystor, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1931–1933)

• Portugal
  • President - Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1926–1951)
  • Prime Minister - Domingos Oliveira, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal (1930–1932)

• Romania
  • Monarch - Carol II, King of the Romanians (1930–1940)
  • Premier -
    1. Gheorghe Mironescu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1930–1931)
    2. Nicolae Iorga, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1931–1932)

• San Marino
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Valerio Pasquali and Gino Ceccoli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1930–1931)
    2. Angelo Manzoni Borghesi and Francesco Mularoni, Captains Regent of San Marino (1931)
    3. Domenico Suzzi Valli and Marino Morri, Captains Regent of San Marino (1931–1932)

• Soviet Union
  • Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
  • Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (1919–1946)
  • Premier - Vyacheslav Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1930–1941)

• Spain
  • the Kingdom of Spain was superseded by the Spanish Republic on 14 April 1931
  • Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
  • President -
    1. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1931)
    2. Manuel Azaña, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1931)
    3. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, President of Spain (1931–1936)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Dámaso Berenguer, Count of Xauen, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1930–1931)
    2. Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1931)
    3. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1931)
    4. Manuel Azaña, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1931–1933)

• Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Carl Gustaf Ekman, Prime Minister of Sweden (1930–1932)

• Switzerland
  • Swiss Federal Council:

    Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935), Jean-Marie Musy (1919–1934), Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934, President), Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1928–1944), Albert Meyer (1929–1938), Rudolf Minger (1929–1940)

• United Kingdom
  • Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
  • Prime Minister - Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1929–1935)

• Vatican City
  • Monarch - Pope Pius XI, Sovereign of Vatican City (1929–1939)
  • Governor - Camillo Serafini, Governor of Vatican City (1929–1952)
  • Holy See
    • Secretary of State - Eugenio Pacelli, Cardinal Secretary of State (1930–1939)

• Yugoslavia
  • Monarch - Alexander I, King of Yugoslavia (1921–1934)
  • Prime Minister - Petar Živković, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1929–1932)