List of State Leaders in 1868 - Europe

Europe

  • Austria-Hungary - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848–1916)
    • Minister-President of Austria -
    1. Prince Karl von Auersperg, Minister-President of Austria (1867–1868)
    2. Count Eduard von Taaffe, Minister-President of Austria (1868–1870)
    • Minister-President of Hungary - Count Gyula Andrássy, Minister-President of Hungary (1867–1871)
  • Bavaria - Ludwig II, King of Bavaria (1864–1886)
  • Belgium
    • Monarch - Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
    • Cabinet Chief -
      1. Charles Rogier, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
      2. H.-J.-W. Frère-Orban, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1868–1870, 1878–1884)
  • Denmark
    • Monarch - Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863–1906)
    • Prime Minister - Christian Emil, Prime Minister of Denmark (1865–1870)
  • France - Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1852–1870)
  • Greece -
    • Monarch - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime Minister of Greece (1866–1868)
      2. Aristidis Moraitinis, Prime Minister of Greece (1868)
      3. Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime Minister of Greece (1868–1869)
  • Papal States - Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
  • Hamburg - Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller, First Burgomaster of Hamburg (1863–1864; 1866–1868; 1870; and again 1872–1873)
  • Italy -
    • Monarch - Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Italy (1861–1878)
    • Prime Minister - Luigi Menabrea, Prime Minister of Italy (1867–1869)
  • Luxembourg
    • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister - Emmanuel Servais, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1867–1874)
  • Netherlands
    • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1866–1868)
      2. Pieter Philip van Bosse, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1868–1871)
  • Norway - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Carl IV, King of Norway (1859–1872)
  • Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
    • Monarch - Abd-ul-Aziz, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1861–1876)
    • Grand Vizier - Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1867–1871)
  • Portugal - Luis, King of Portugal (1861–1889)
  • Prussia -
    • Monarch - Wilhelm I, King of Prussia (1861–1888)
    • Prime Minister - Otto von Bismarck, Minister-President of Prussia (1862–1873)
  • Romania - Carol I, Prince of Romania (1866–1881)
  • Russia - Alexander II, Tsar of Russia (1855–1881)
  • Saxony - Johann, King of Saxony (1854–1873)
  • Spain -
    • Monarch - Isabella II, Queen of Spain (1833–1868)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Ramón María Narváez y Campos, Duke of Valencia, Prime Minister of Spain (1844–1846, 1846, 1847–1849, 1849–1851, 1856–1857, 1864–1865, 1866–1868)
      2. Luis González Bravo, Prime Minister of Spain (1868)
      3. José Gutiérrez De La Concha, Prime Minister of Spain (1868)
      4. Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, Duke de la Torre, Prime Minister of Spain (1868–1869, 1871, 1872, 1874)
  • Sweden - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, King of Sweden (1859–1872)
  • United Kingdom
    • Monarch - Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1852, 1858, 1866–1868)
      2. Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868, 1874–1880)
      3. William Ewart Gladstone, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886, 1892–1894)
  • Württemberg - Karl, King of Württemberg (1864–1891)

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Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “In Europe the object is to make the most of their land, labour being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labour, land being abundant.”
    —Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)

    “Never before since Jamestown and Plymouth Rock has our American civilization been in such danger as now.... [The Nazis] have made it clear that not only do they intend to dominate all life and thought in their own country, but also to enslave the whole of Europe, and then to use the resources of Europe to dominate the rest of the world.”
    —Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945)

    “All the terrors of the French Republic, which held Austria in awe, were unable to command her diplomacy. But Napoleon sent to Vienna M. de Narbonne, one of the old noblesse, with the morals, manners, and name of that interest, saying, that it was indispensable to send to the old aristocracy of Europe men of the same connection, which, in fact, constitutes a sort of free- masonry. M. de Narbonne, in less than a fortnight, penetrated all the secrets of the imperial cabinet.”
    —Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)