List of State Leaders in 1868 - Europe

Europe

  • Austria-Hungary - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848–1916)
    • Minister-President of Austria -
    1. Prince Karl von Auersperg, Minister-President of Austria (1867–1868)
    2. Count Eduard von Taaffe, Minister-President of Austria (1868–1870)
    • Minister-President of Hungary - Count Gyula Andrássy, Minister-President of Hungary (1867–1871)
  • Bavaria - Ludwig II, King of Bavaria (1864–1886)
  • Belgium
    • Monarch - Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
    • Cabinet Chief -
      1. Charles Rogier, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
      2. H.-J.-W. Frère-Orban, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1868–1870, 1878–1884)
  • Denmark
    • Monarch - Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863–1906)
    • Prime Minister - Christian Emil, Prime Minister of Denmark (1865–1870)
  • France - Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1852–1870)
  • Greece -
    • Monarch - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime Minister of Greece (1866–1868)
      2. Aristidis Moraitinis, Prime Minister of Greece (1868)
      3. Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime Minister of Greece (1868–1869)
  • Papal States - Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
  • Hamburg - Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller, First Burgomaster of Hamburg (1863–1864; 1866–1868; 1870; and again 1872–1873)
  • Italy -
    • Monarch - Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Italy (1861–1878)
    • Prime Minister - Luigi Menabrea, Prime Minister of Italy (1867–1869)
  • Luxembourg
    • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister - Emmanuel Servais, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1867–1874)
  • Netherlands
    • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1866–1868)
      2. Pieter Philip van Bosse, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1868–1871)
  • Norway - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Carl IV, King of Norway (1859–1872)
  • Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
    • Monarch - Abd-ul-Aziz, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1861–1876)
    • Grand Vizier - Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1867–1871)
  • Portugal - Luis, King of Portugal (1861–1889)
  • Prussia -
    • Monarch - Wilhelm I, King of Prussia (1861–1888)
    • Prime Minister - Otto von Bismarck, Minister-President of Prussia (1862–1873)
  • Romania - Carol I, Prince of Romania (1866–1881)
  • Russia - Alexander II, Tsar of Russia (1855–1881)
  • Saxony - Johann, King of Saxony (1854–1873)
  • Spain -
    • Monarch - Isabella II, Queen of Spain (1833–1868)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Ramón María Narváez y Campos, Duke of Valencia, Prime Minister of Spain (1844–1846, 1846, 1847–1849, 1849–1851, 1856–1857, 1864–1865, 1866–1868)
      2. Luis González Bravo, Prime Minister of Spain (1868)
      3. José Gutiérrez De La Concha, Prime Minister of Spain (1868)
      4. Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, Duke de la Torre, Prime Minister of Spain (1868–1869, 1871, 1872, 1874)
  • Sweden - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, King of Sweden (1859–1872)
  • United Kingdom
    • Monarch - Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1852, 1858, 1866–1868)
      2. Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868, 1874–1880)
      3. William Ewart Gladstone, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886, 1892–1894)
  • Württemberg - Karl, King of Württemberg (1864–1891)

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    —Hendrik Verwoerd (1901–1966)

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    —Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)

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    —Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945)